Toxic TacticsGet the book
The book

What Toxic Tactics is about

A field guide to the language of manipulation, and how to take away its power by naming it.

We are living in a time when lying, gaslighting, shaming, and silencing have become so normal that we barely notice them. Toxic Tactics names 79 of these patterns of abusive language, drawn from politics, media, and everyday life, and organizes them into seven families you can learn to recognize on sight.

Each tactic is defined in plain language, illustrated with real examples, and paired with tools for recognizing and defusing it. The premise is simple: once you can name a tactic, it loses its power over you.

Explore the seven families →
An excerpt

From the opening pages

The first time I heard that “secret Jewish space lasers” were responsible for the 2018 California wildfires, I thought it was a comedy skit. It was not. The world we are living in is filled with the most basic kind of lie: stories that are completely made up. This kind of Made-Up Stuff rests at the very basis of most of the toxic tactics we are experiencing.
— from Toxic Tactics, Chapter 1
Get the book

Available October 13, 2026

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Toxic Tactics: 79 Patterns of Abusive Language That Have Become Normalized in Our Culture
Dr. Elana Sztokman · Lioness Books · October 13, 2026
Print and ebook · 6×9 · ebook ISBN 978-1-957712-25-3
Bibliography

The complete list of sources the book draws on.

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Notes

Source notes and references from the book.

1. Elana Sztokman, “The Gender Paradox: Why both Misogyny and Feminism are on the Rise,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, May 11, 2016, https://www.abc.net.au/religion/the-gender-paradox-why-both-misogyny-and-feminism-are-on-the-ris/10097020.

2. I have been tracking the issue of women’s leadership in Israel for many years. Here are a few articles about it: Elana Sztokman, “How Are Women In Israel Doing? Let's Break It Down.” The Roar Substack, Mar 07, 2024, https://elanasztokman.substack.com/p/how-are-women-in-israel-doing-lets; Elana Sztokman, “Kicking women out,” Times of Israel, Feb 16, 2026, https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/kicking-women-out/; Elana Sztokman, “Gender Equality In Israel Is Getting Worse”, Times of Israel, Dec 17, 2025, https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/gender-equality-in-israel-is-getting-worse/; Elana Sztokman, “Gaza: It's a Man's War,” Atlantic, August 7, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/gaza-a-mans-war-israel-gender/375689/; Elana Sztokman, “More Women Making Decisions in Israel,” Lilith, January 6, 2015; https://lilith.org/2015/01/more-women-making-decisions-in-israel/.

3. Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (New York: Crown, 1991). When I think about this book, written decades ago and focused on the politics of the 1980s under Reagan, I am astonished that the alarming situation Faludi described has not gotten better but has actually gotten worse.

4. Liza Schoenfein, “How to Make a Mazel Tov Cocktail,” Forward, November 8, 2016, https://forward.com/food/recipes/353742/how-to-make-a-mazel-tov-cocktail/.

5. Elana Sztokman, “10 Emotional Abuse Tactics That Trump Blatantly Used in the First Debate,” Everyday Feminism, September 27, 2016, https://everydayfeminism.com/2016/09/trump-emotional-abuse-tactics/.

6. Elana Sztokman, “Tackling Trump in the Israeli media,” November 9, 2019, https://jewfem.com/index.php?option=com_easyblog&view=entry&id=668&Itemid=516; i24NEWS Rundown with Dr. Elana Sztokman, YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bt2BBjRJkhY; “Dr. Elana Sztokman Joins i24news to Discuss the SCOTUS Power Grab,” YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v3Z2DK5ePc.

7. Janet McIntosh and Norma Mendoza-Denton, “Introduction: The Trump Era as a Linguistic Emergency,” in Language in the Trump Era: Scandals and Emergencies, ed. Janet McIntosh and Norma Mendoza-Denton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 1–12.

8. MS NOW, “Royal Fanfare, Hard Truths: Ben Rhodes on America’s Future,” YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1lgRW2HPLU&t=34s.

9. Soraya Chemaly, Rage Becomes Her: The Power of Women’s Anger (New York: Atria Books, 2018); Rebecca Traister, Good and Mad: The Revolutionary Power of Women’s Anger (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018).

10. Audre Lorde, “Poetry Is Not a Luxury,” Chrysalis: A Magazine of Women’s Culture, no. 3 (1977).

11. Note of clarification: Most of the tactics in the book were named before I began the research, in some cases very specifically by thinkers and researchers (e.g. “DARVO” by Jennifer Freyd). I have done my utmost to ensure that people are credited for this work, and I hope I did that well. There are a few scattered tactics that I have named myself, such as Greta’s Sandwich, the Fling-back and the Dubious Self-Report. But I don’t want anyone to wrongly conclude that I’m trying to take credit for giving all 79 tactics their names. My main contribution here, beyond pulling together a very long comprehensive list based on decades of research by many great people, is making the connection between dynamics of interpersonal abuse and the cultures of public discourse that we are witnessing. This feels very important to me. But I want to make clear that I am not trying to take credit for inventing names. I am greatly indebted to all the amazing thinkers who came before me, whom I have been studying for over twenty years, and who have worked on creating the vocabulary for all this. (“I Alone Can Do It” is itself a toxic tactic! See Toxic Tactic #32.) I humbly stand on the shoulders of giants, and I want to be perfectly clear about that.

12. Michelle Obama, “Remarks by the First Lady at the Democratic National Convention,” Democratic National Convention, Philadelphia, PA, July 25, 2016, Obama White House Archives, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/07/25/remarks-first-lady-democratic-national-convention. Michelle Obama famously told her audience: “When someone is cruel, or acts like a bully, you don’t stoop to their level—no, our motto is, when they go low, we go high.” I think part of the reason this moment stuck in people’s minds is because it feels so counterintuitive. Maybe that’s the point.

13. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1951), 474.

14. ZAKA Search and Rescue, “About ZAKA: Mission, History & Values,” accessed July 4, 2026, https://zakaworld.org/about/. .

15. “Yehuda Meshi-Zahav: ‘We Grew and Became a National Organization,’” Reshet 13, December 15, 2016, https://13tv.co.il/item/zaka/zaka-63405/ [Hebrew]; Haim Golditch, “Yehuda Meshi-Zahav Dies, More Than a Year After Attempting Suicide Following Testimonies About Sexual Offenses,” Ynet, June 29, 2022, https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/b12sfukq9 [Hebrew].

16. Liran Kogahinoff, “Israel Prize Winners for Special Contribution to Society and the State: Yehuda Meshi-Zahav and Dr. Yosef Ciechanover,” Kan, March 2, 2021, https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/local/281427/ [Hebrew]; Vered Pelman, “About a Year After the Suspicions Were Revealed: Meshi-Zahav Has Died,” Kan, June 29, 2022, https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/local/278407/ [Hebrew]; “How Was the Meshi-Zahav Affair Not Discovered in Real Time?,” Kan, March 14, 2021, https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/opinions/279971/ [Hebrew].

17. “Meshi Zahav,” Netflix, https://www.netflix.com/il/title/82031340; 1233 “How Did a Sex Offender Manage to Win the Hearts of the Israeli Public? The Secrets of Meshi Zahav,” YouTube video,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X24Nd9eG5wg.

18. Glenn Kessler et al., “Trump’s False or Misleading Claims Total 30,573 over 4 Years,” Washington Post, January 24, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/24/trumps-false-or-misleading-claims-total-30573-over-four-years/; Michael Harris, “Trump Told 30,573 Lies During His Four Years in Office, But It Just Doesn’t Matter in Today’s Low-Road Politics,” The Hill Times, October 21, 2024, https://www.hilltimes.com/story/2024/10/21/according-to-the-washington-post-trump-told-30573-lies-during-his-four-years-in-office-but-it-doesnt-matter/438252/.

19. Sarah Evanega et al. (2020). “Coronavirus Misinformation: Quantifying Sources and Themes in The COVID-19 ‘Infodemic’ (Preprint)”. 10.2196/preprints.25143. DOI:10.2196/preprints.25143

20. Josh Taylor, “Bat Soup, Dodgy Cures and ‘Diseasology’: The Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation,” Guardian, January 30, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/31/bat-soup-dodgy-cures-and-diseasology-the-spread-of-coronavirus-bunkum; Emma Grey Ellis, “The Coronavirus Outbreak Is a Petri Dish for Conspiracy Theories,” Wired, February 4, 2020, https://www.wired.com/story/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories.

21. Nazia Parveen and Jim Waterson, “UK Phone Masts Attacked amid 5G-Coronavirus Conspiracy Theory,” Guardian, April 4, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/apr/04/uk-phone-masts-attacked-amid-5g-coronavirus-conspiracy-theory.

22. Donald Trump, “Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing,” White House, April 23, 2020, archived at Trump White House Archives, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-31/ ; Robert Farley and Eugene Kiely, “The White House Spins Trump’s Disinfectant Remarks,” FactCheck.org, April 24, 2020, https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/the-white-house-spins-trumps-disinfectant-remarks/ .

23. Claire Wardle, Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making (Council of Europe report, 2017). https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html.

24. Soroush Vosoughi et al., “The Spread of True and False News Online,” Science 359, no. 6380 (2018): 1146–51, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aap9559.

25. Nsikan Akpan, “The Very Real Consequences of Fake News Stories and Why Your Brain Can’t Ignore Them,” PBS NewsHour, December 5, 2016, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/real-consequences-fake-news-stories-brain-cant-ignore.

26. Grace Ashford and Michael Gold, “Who Is Rep. George Santos? His Résumé May Be Largely Fiction,” New York Times, December 19, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/19/nyregion/george-santos-ny-republicans.html.

27. “The Saga of ‘Pizzagate’: The Fake Story That Shows How Conspiracy Theories Spread,” BBC, December 2, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-38156985.

28. David Gilbert, “A Trans Pilot Was Falsely Blamed for a Plane Crash. Now She’s Fighting the Right-Wing Disinfo Machine,” Wired, July 2, 2025, https://www.wired.com/story/a-trans-pilot-was-falsely-blamed-for-a-plane-crash-now-shes-fighting-the-right-wing-disinfo-machine/.

29. Lindsay Whitehurst and Alanna Durkin Riche, “Jury Awards $148 Million In Damages to Georgia Election Workers Over Rudy Giuliani’s 2020 Vote Lies.” Associated Press, December 16, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/giuliani-2020-election-georgia-defamation-moss-freeman-6f6446c4f5224f521db8ff7763fb12d1.

30. Elizabeth Williamson, “Here’s what Jones has said about Sandy Hook.” New York Times, Sept 22, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/22/us/politics/heres-what-jones-has-said-about-sandy-hook.html; Jack Queen and Jacqueline Thomsen, “Alex Jones Must Pay Sandy Hook Families Nearly $1 Billion for Hoax Claims, Jury Says,” Reuters, October 12, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/legal/jury-begins-third-day-deliberations-alex-jones-sandy-hook-defamation-trial-2022-10-12/.

31. Jonathan Chait, “Marjorie Taylor Greene Blamed Wildfires on Secret Jewish Space Laser,” New York, January 28, 2021, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/marjorie-taylor-greene-qanon-wildfires-space-laser-rothschild-execute.html; Mike Rothschild, Jewish Space Lasers: The Rothschilds and 200 Years of Conspiracy Theories (Tantor Media, 2023).

32. I realize that MUSH is not a precise acronym for Making Up Stuff, and apparently that bothers some people. I get that. As a writer myself, I appreciate the value of every letter. But in this case, MUSH feels so metaphorically accurate that it’s worth the price of causing some of you to shift uncomfortably in your seats. I am willing to sacrifice character precision by adding a dangling H in order to provide us all with a fitting image of our reality. Plus, H stands for Hope, which is my middle name! That extra H has been accompanying me my entire life. And so, adding that H in the very first tactic feels meaningful and personal, which this book is in so many ways. I hope you join me on my journey of playing with imperfect yet satisfying linguistic artistry in order to effectively mark the cultures we are living in.

33. Cindy Shan, “Did Paul McCartney Visit Phil Collins in Hospital and Play ‘Hey Jude’?” Snopes, August 6, 2025, https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/paul-mccartney-phil-collins-hospital/.

34. David Crary, “AP Fact Check: Trump, His Baby ‘Executions’ and the Reality,” Associated Press, May 13, 2019, https://apnews.com/article/health-north-america-donald-trump-ap-top-news-crime-273acfa7888d406d8cacb8dc601088be; Lori Robertson, “The Facts on the Born-Alive Debate,” FactCheck.org, March 4, 2019, https://www.factcheck.org/2019/03/the-facts-on-the-born-alive-debate/.

35. Lori Robertson et al., “Trump Repeats Baseless, False Claims About the Election,” FactCheck.org, November 30, 2020, updated December 1, 2020, https://www.factcheck.org/2020/11/trump-repeats-baseless-false-claims-about-the-election/; “Results of Lawsuits Regarding the 2020 Elections,” Campaign Legal Center, accessed July 4, 2026, https://campaignlegal.org/results-lawsuits-regarding-2020-elections; Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, “Joint Statement from Elections Infrastructure Government Coordinating Council & the Election Infrastructure Sector Coordinating Executive Committees,” November 12, 2020, https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/joint-statement-elections-infrastructure-government-coordinating-council-election-infrastructure.

36. Merlyn Thomas & Mike Wendling, “Trump Repeats Baseless Claim about Haitian Immigrants Eating Pets,” BBC, September 15, 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c77l28myezko.

37. Melissa Goldin, “US Senate Candidate Spreads False Claims About Migrant Aid,” Associated Press, December 13, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-government-cell-phone-plane-gift-card-migrant-888004665809; Maria Ramirez Uribe, “FEMA Did Not Give Disaster Relief Money to New York for Luxury Hotels for Immigrants,” PolitiFact, February 14, 2025, https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2025/feb/14/elon-musk/fema-did-not-give-disaster-relief-money-to-new-yor/.

38. Timothy Egan, “Lord of the Lies,” New York Times, June 9, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/10/opinion/lord-of-the-lies.html.

39. Eugene Robinson, “The Challenges in Covering Trump’s Relentless Assault on the Truth,” Washington Post, June 16, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-challenges-in-covering-trumps-relentless-assault-on-the-truth/2016/06/16/076b367a-33fd-11e6-8ff7-7b6c1998b7a0_story.html.

40. Neal Gabler, “Donald Trump Is a Serial Liar. More Upsetting Is That No One Seems to Care,” Salon, May 15, 2016, https://www.salon.com/2016/05/15/donald_trump_is_a_serial_liar_more_upsetting_is_that_no_one_seems_to_care_partner/.

41. Daniel Dale, “Fact Check: Trump Marks One Year Back in Office with Numerous False Claims,” CNN, January 21, 2026, https://edition.cnn.com/2026/01/20/politics/fact-check-trump-one-year-false-claims.

42. Kyle Cheney et al., “Donald Trump’s Week of Misrepresentations, Exaggerations and Half-Truths,” Politico, September 25, 2016, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/2016-donald-trump-fact-check-week-214287#ixzz4MNieXmb6.

43. Aaron Sharockman, “The Truth (So Far) Behind the 2016 Campaign,” PolitiFact, June 29, 2016, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/jun/29/fact-checking-2016-clinton-trump/.

44. Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, How Democracies Die (New York: Crown, 2018), 67–71.

45. Tim Hains, “Vance: If I Have to ‘Create Stories’ to Get Media to Focus on Suffering Caused by Kamala’s Policies, I Will,” RealClearPolitics, September 15, 2024, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2024/09/15/vance_if_i_have_to_create_stories_to_get_media_to_pay_attention_to_the_suffering_of_the_american_people_i_will.html; CNN, “Interview with Sen. J.D. Vance (R-OH),” State of the Union, September 15, 2024, transcript, https://transcripts.CNN.com/show/sotu/date/2024-09-15/segment/01; Colleen Long, “Vance Doesn’t Back Away from False Claims About Migrants in Ohio Eating Pets,” Associated Press, September 15, 2024, https://apnews.com/article/vance-haitians-springfield-ohio-pets-false-claims-1c4c8a06ca7d0e1328ba6b9c1b5ca7ff; Alexandra Hutzler, “Fact-Checking JD Vance’s Claims About Haitian Migrants in Springfield,” ABC News, September 20, 2024, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fact-checking-jd-vances-claims-haitian-migrants-springfield/story?id=113844705.

46. Dan De Luce and Ken Dilanian, “CIA Review Criticizes Procedures but Not Conclusions of Intelligence Report on 2016 Russia Election Interference,” NBC News, July 3, 2025, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/cia-review-intelligence-report-2016-election-russian-interference-rcna216634.

47. Alexandre Bovet and Hernán A. Makse, “Influence of Fake News in Twitter During the 2016 US Presidential Election,” Nature Communications 10 (2019), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2.

48. Lynn Hasher et al., “Frequency and the Conference of Referential Validity,” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16, no. 1 (1977): 107–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80012-1; Gordon Pennycook et al., “Prior Exposure Increases Perceived Accuracy of Fake News,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147, no. 12 (2018): 1865–80. doi: 10.1037/xge0000465

49. Egan, “Lord of the Lies.”

50. Norm Ornstein and Thomas E. Mann, “The Grim Reality of American Politics,” Atlantic, March 17, 2016,

http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/the-grim-reality-of-american-politics/474198/.

51. Amanda Marcotte, “Fox News Texts Reveal the Truth: The Big Lie Was a Con—That the Viewers Were In On,” Salon, February 21, 2023, https://www.salon.com/2023/02/21/fox-news-texts-reveal-the-truth-the-big-lie-was-a-con-that-the-viewers-were-in-on/.

52. Sarah Kendzior, Hiding in Plain Sight: The Invention of Donald Trump and the Erosion of America (New York: Flatiron Books, 2020).

53. Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, 474.

54. Melissa Chan, “It Started Raining the Moment Donald Trump Began His Inauguration Speech,” Time, January 20, 2017, https://time.com/4641165/donald-trump-inauguration-rain/; Lori Robertson and Robert Farley, “The Facts on Crowd Size,” FactCheck.org, January 23, 2017, https://www.factcheck.org/2017/01/the-facts-on-crowd-size/; Associates Press, “Park Service Releases Photos of Trump Inauguration Crowds,” Associated Press, reprinted by WTOP, March 6, 2017, https://wtop.com/dc/2017/03/park-service-photos-challenge-trump-on-inauguration/.

55. Chris Cillizza, “Sean Spicer Held a Press Conference. He Didn’t Take Questions or Tell the Whole Truth,” Washington Post, January 21, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/21/sean-spicer-held-a-press-conference-he-didnt-take-questions-or-tell-the-whole-truth/.

56. Mahita Gajanan, “Kellyanne Conway Defends White House’s Falsehoods as ‘Alternative Facts,’” Time, January 22, 2017, https://time.com/4642689/kellyanne-conway-sean-spicer-donald-trump-alternative-facts/; Aaron Blake, “Kellyanne Conway Says Donald Trump’s Team Has ‘Alternative Facts.’ Which Pretty Much Says It All,” Washington Post, January 22, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/22/kellyanne-conway-says-donald-trumps-team-has-alternate-facts-which-pretty-much-says-it-all/; Jon Swaine, “Donald Trump’s Team Defends ‘Alternative Facts’ After Widespread Protests,” Guardian, January 22, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/22/donald-trump-kellyanne-conway-inauguration-alternative-facts. “Alternative Facts Tops the 2017 Yale Book of Quotations,” Axios, December 12, 2017, https://www.axios.com/2017/12/12/kellyanne-conways-alternative-1513082220.

57. “When Abusers Change the Narrative,” Control Alt Delete, https://dvcontrolaltdelete.org/changing-the-narrative/.

58. Jason Stanley, Erasing History: How Fascists Rewrite the Past to Control the Future. (New York: Atria/One Signal Publishers, 2026).

59. Shahida Arabi, POWER: Surviving and Thriving After Narcissistic Abuse: A Collection of Essays on Malignant Narcissism and Recovery from Emotional Abuse (Thought Catalog Books, 2017).

60. Senate Judiciary Committee, hearing testimony of FBI Director Kash Patel regarding Jeffrey Epstein files, 2025. C-Span, Sept 16, 2025, https://www.c-span.org/program/senate-committee/fbi-oversight-hearing/665403

61. Andrew Goudsward. “FBI chief Patel says 'no credible information' others involved in Epstein crimes”, September 16, 2025.” Reuters, September 16, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/fbi-chief-patel-says-no-credible-information-others-involved-epstein-crimes-2025-09-16/; Ben Brachfeld, "Epstein Survivors Blast FBI Director Kash Patel For Claiming 'No Credible Information' Financier Trafficked Women to Others," People, September 18, 2025, https://people.com/epstein-survivors-blast-fbi-kash-patel-trafficking-11813198; See also this video clip of the exchange, posted by MSNow on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/reel/1299656738382527.

62. David Morgan, “Trump ‘Poisoning’ Democracy with ‘Big Lie’ Claim — Key House Republican,” Reuters, May 3, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-poisoning-democracy-with-big-lie-claim-key-house-republican-2021-05-03/.

63. Campaign Legal Center, “Results of Lawsuits Regarding the 2020 Elections,” accessed July 4, 2026, https://campaignlegal.org/results-lawsuits-regarding-2020-elections

64. Jan Wolfe, “Trump’s False Claims Debunked: The 2020 Election and Jan. 6 Riot,” Reuters, January 6, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-false-claims-debunked-2020-election-jan-6-riot-2022-01-06/.

65. As an example of turning truth into lies and vice versa, when Trump was banned from Twitter for spreading lies, he ironically named his own social media platform that he had to retreat to “Truth Social.” Thanks to Maayan Sharon for this insight.

66. Ariela Karmel, “‘Over My Dead Body’: PM’s Office Drops ‘Massacre’ from Oct. 7 Memorial Bill, Sparking Outrage,” Times of Israel, February 11, 2026, https://www.timesofisrael.com/over-my-dead-body-pms-office-drops-massacre-from-oct-7-memorial-bill-sparking-outrage/.

67. Lihya Gordon, “Eyal Eshel: 'My Ronki, I Promise We Won't Let Them Obscure the Truth'.” Ynet Global, Feb 2, 2026, https://www.ynetnews.com/article/4cvfbkxql., https://www.ynetnews.com/article/4cvfbkxql.

68. Peter Baker, “For Trump, the Truth in Minneapolis Is What He Says It Is,” New York Times, January 25, 2026, https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/25/us/politics/trump-truth-minneapolis-shootings.html.

69. “Video Analysis of ICE Shooting Sheds Light on Contested Moments,” New York Times, January 15, 2026, https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/15/video/ice-shooting-renee-good-minneapolis-videos.html.

70. Anna Betts, “A Helper and a Patriot: Alex Pretti’s Family and Friends on the Life of Nurse Killed by Federal Agents,” Guardian, January 29, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/jan/29/who-is-alex-pretti-ice-minneapolis-shooting.

71. Talya Minsberg et al., “Alex Pretti’s Friends and Family Denounce ‘Sickening Lies’ About His Life,” New York Times, January 25, 2026, https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/25/us/alex-pretti-minneapolis-shooting.html.

72. George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (London: Secker and Warburg, 1949).

73. Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (New York: Penguin Press, 2003), 93–120.

74. Saida Grundy, “Trump’s Attacks on the ‘Blacksonian’ have a History in a Century-Old Myth,” Guardian, August 23, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/aug/23/trump-attacks-black-history-smithsonian.

75. Emily Badger et al., “Trump’s Ballroom Design Has Barely Been Scrutinized,” New York Times, March 29, 2026, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2026/03/29/upshot/white-house-ballroom.html.

76. Suzette Haden Elgin, The Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980), 28.

77. Donald J. Trump, “Speech: Donald Trump Addresses the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly,” New York, September 25, 2018, Factbase, https://rollcall.com/factbase/trump/transcript/donald-trump-speech-un-general-assembly-september-25-2018/.

78. Nick Gass, “Trump’s Most-Used Words on the Debate Stage? They’re Not All ‘Beautiful’,” Politico, February 25, 2016, http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/candidates-debate-words-dictionary-219795#ixzz4MOOZrQbr.

79. “Transcript: Eighth Republican Debate, New Hampshire 2016,” CBS News, February 7, 2016, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-eighth-republican-debate-new-hampshire-2016/; “CNN Newsroom,” transcript, CNN, August 8, 2015, https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/cnr/date/2015-08-08/segment/08; “Trump: ‘I Have the Best Words,’” Washington Post, April 5, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/national/trump-i-have-the-best-words/2017/04/05/53a9ae4a-19fd-11e7-8598-9a99da559f9e_video.html; “Doctor Says Trump Dictated Glowing 2015 Health Report,” Reuters, May 1, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/doctor-says-trump-dictated-glowing-2015-health-report-cnn-idUSKBN1I304C/.

80. Dan Alexander, “Trump Has Been Lying About Trump Tower for Decades,” Forbes, February 22, 2023, https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2023/02/22/donald-trump-has-been-lying-about-trump-tower-for-decades/?sh=3c38b97e17d3; Chase Peterson-Withorn, “How Donald Trump Exaggerates and Fibs About His $4.5 Billion Net Worth,” Forbes, March 31, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2016/03/31/how-donald-trump-exaggerates-and-fibs-about-his-4-5-billion-net-worth/?sh=6fc9a08a1770.

81. Peterson-Withorn, “How Donald Trump Exaggerates and Fibs About His $4.5 Billion Net Worth.”

82. Andrew Picken, “Trump liable for golf resort's 'false valuation', court rules.” BBC, 27 September 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-66933929.

83. Kevin Breuninger, “Trump overstated net worth by up to $3.6 billion each year, NY attorney general alleges in new filing,” CNBC, September 8, 2023, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/08/trump-overstated-net-worth-by-up-to-3point6-billion-per-year-ny-ag-alleges-in-new-filing.html.

84. Examining whether youth unemployment is rising in America, PolitiFact examined Bureau of Labor Statistics research, which has been collecting youth unemployment data since 1948, and found that “in 2014, the U.S. unemployment rate they reported for people 15 to 24 was essentially identical to their international rate. It was higher than the rate in Germany and Canada but lower than the rate in the United Kingdom and the overall rate for other high-income countries and the European Union. The worst-off high-income countries — Spain and Greece, each dealing with budget crises — have youth unemployment rates almost four times as high as the United States. France’s is twice as high”; Adam Thorp, “Donald Trump Exaggerates Youth Unemployment in Reddit AMA,” PolitiFact, August 4, 2016, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/aug/04/donald-trump/ama-trump-exaggerates-youth-unemployment/.

85. Mollie Hemingway, “6 Problems with Media’s Hysterical Reaction to Trump’s ISIS Comments,” The Federalist, August 12, 2016, http://thefederalist.com/2016/08/12/6-problems-with-medias-hysterical-reaction-to-trumps-isis-comments/.

86. Preston Ni, “8 Common Narcissist Lies,” Psychology Today, August 14, 2016, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/communication-success/201608/8-common-narcissist-lies.

87. W. Keith Campbell and Joshua D. Miller, The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011).

88. Paroma Mitra et al., “Narcissistic Personality Disorder,” StatPearls, updated March 1, 2024, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556001/; SafeLives, “Psychological Abuse,” accessed July 4, 2026, https://safelives.org.uk/about-domestic-abuse/what-is-domestic-abuse/psychological-abuse/.

89. Robin Stern, “How to Identify ‘The Gaslight Effect,’” August 31, 2022, https://robinstern.com/how-to-identify-the-gaslight-effect/; Stephanie Beckwith et al., “Coercive Control Literature Review: Final Report,” Australian Institute of Family Studies, June 2023, https://aifs.gov.au/all-research/research-reports/coercive-control-literature-review.

90. Delroy Paulhus. “The Dark Triad of Personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy.” Journal of Research in Personality, 2002., https://www.academia.edu/91650008/The_Dark_Triad_of_personality_Narcissism_Machiavellianism_and_psychopathy.

91. Gabler, “Donald Trump Is a Serial Liar.”

92. McKelway, St. Clair. Gossip: The Life and Times of Walter Winchell. New York: Viking Press, 1940.

93. A bit more on this from Gabler’s analysis of Winchell’s effect on the Trump culture: “Winchell’s influence didn’t stop at conflating entertainment with politics — and this is where the indifference to truth comes in. Winchell reported dozens of tidbits of gossip each day. Presumably, that’s why people read him or listened to him on the radio; they wanted to be ahead of the curve. But the vast majority of those tidbits were unverifiable, and nearly half of the flashes that were verifiable turned out to be false, according to a survey conducted for a six-part New Yorker profile of Winchell by St. Clair McKelway. Since there was always a passel of new scoops every day, no one seemed to notice — or care — that he was usually wrong. One can only assume this was because readers seemed to relish the excitement of the ‘news’ more than they desired its accuracy. Or, to put it another way, gossip was entertainment, not information. Thus the Winchell Effect…Meanwhile, Trump and the MSM will keep the misinformation coming, on the sadly correct assumption that many of us don’t really care about facts so long as we are being titillated”. See also, Neal Gabler, “Why Trump Can Lie and No One Seems to Care,” Bill Moyers.com. May 13, 2016. http://billmoyers.com/story/donald-trump-and-the-walter-winchell-effect/.

94. Daniel Dale, “Fact Check: Trump Denied He Made This Remark about Iran. He Made It on Camera One Day Earlier,” CNN, May 3, 2026, https://edition.cnn.com/2026/05/03/politics/trump-iran-comment-fact-check.

95. Linda Qiu, “17 Times Donald Trump Said One Thing and Then Denied It,” PolitiFact, July 6, 2016, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/jul/06/17-things-donald-trump-said-and-then-denied-saying/.

96. Louis Jacobson, “Yes, Donald Trump Did Call Climate Change a Chinese Hoax,” PolitiFact, June 3, 2016, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/.

97. Tim Murphy, “What Did Donald Trump Say on the Iraq War and When Did He Say It?” Mother Jones, September 26, 2016, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/09/every-position-donald-trump-iraq.

98. Maxwell Tani, “Donald Trump on Hillary Clinton: ‘I Just Don’t Think She Has a Presidential Look,’” Business Insider, September 6, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-presidential-look-2016-9.

99. Angie Drobnic Holan, “PolitiFact’s Lie of the Year: Trump’s Denial of Russian Meddling,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, December 12, 2017, https://www.ajc.com/news/national-govt--politics/politifact-lie-the-year-trump-denial-russian-meddling/5itmRMe1kBRlB2M9FVJYLK/.

100. Erik Tucker, “Trump’s Onetime Friendship with Jeffrey Epstein Is Well-Known — And Also Documented in Records.” Associated Press, July 24, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/trump-epstein-justice-department-bondi-e7a5e41ba4fa3a88736cc384078c3215; Associated Press, “Video Shows Trump, Epstein Chatting at 1992 Mar-a-Lago Party,” July 17, 2019, https://apnews.com/article/156bf74aa00640969bbf57011b8395f1; David A. Fahrenthold et al., “Trump Called Epstein a ‘Terrific Guy’ Who Enjoyed ‘Younger’ Women Before Denying Relationship with Him,” Washington Post, July 8, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-called-epstein-a-terrific-guy-before-denying-relationship-with-him/2019/07/08/a01e0f00-a1be-11e9-bd56-eac6bb02d01d_story.html.

101. James Hill and Peter Charalambous, “The Times Trump’s Name Appeared in the Epstein Files the DOJ Has Already Released,” ABC News, July 17, 2025, https://abcnews.go.com/US/times-trumps-appeared-epstein-files-doj-released/story?id=123848078; Ellie Quinlan Houghtaling, “Here’s How Many Times Trump Is Mentioned in New Epstein Files,” New Republic, February 2, 2026, https://newrepublic.com/post/206023/how-often-donald-trump-mentioned-epstein-files; Lindsay Whitehurst and Seung Min Kim, “Latest Epstein Document Release Includes Multiple Trump Mentions,” PBS NewsHour, December 23, 2025, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/latest-epstein-document-release-includes-multiple-trump-mentions.

102. Jill Colvin, “Trump Slams His Own Supporters as ‘Weaklings’ for Falling for What He Now Calls the Epstein ‘Hoax,’” Associated Press, July 16, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/trump-supporters-epstein-sex-trafficking-investigation-bondi-47370e63060d79af64b0b8ac70b970a4.

103. Andrew Goudsward, “U.S. Lawmakers Accuse Bondi of Hiding Names of Epstein Associates,” Reuters, February 11, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/bondi-face-questions-epstein-files-house-testimony-2026-02-11/; Sam Levine, “‘You’re a Washed-Up Loser Lawyer’: Pam Bondi Taunts Democrats over Epstein,” Guardian, February 11, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/feb/11/pam-bondi-democrats-epstein-hearing.

104. Emily Maitlis, interview with Prince Andrew, BBC Newsnight, November 16, 2019; Guardian Staff, “Key Quotes: Prince Andrew on the Epstein Scandal,” Guardian, November 17, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/nov/16/transcript-prince-andrew-on-the-epstein-scandal; James Hill, “Prince Andrew Says in BBC Interview ‘Nothing’ Happened Between Him and Virginia Giuffre,” ABC News, November 16, 2019, https://abcnews.go.com/International/prince-andrew-BBC-interview-happened-virginia-giuffre/story?id=67076226.

105. Jonathan Stempel and Luc Cohen, “Prince Andrew Settles Lawsuit by Sex Abuse Accuser Virginia Giuffre,” Reuters, February 15, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/prince-andrew-reaches-settlement-with-sex-abuse-accuser-virginia-giuffre-court-2022-02-15/; David Torrance, “The Removal of Titles and Honours,” House of Commons Library, March 12, 2026, https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10370/.

106. David Graham, “Can Mike Pence’s Denial of Reality Work for Him?” Atlantic, October 5, 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/10/can-pences-tactic-succeed/502928/.

107. Henry C. Jackson, “6 Things Trump Definitely Said That Pence Claimed He Didn’t,” PolitiFact, October 5, 2016, http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/trump-said-mike-pence-claimed-did-not-229171#ixzz4MNbMPdqb.

108. Paul Karp, “Scott Morrison Says He ‘Believes’ He Has Never Told a Lie in Public Life—Was That a Lie?” Guardian, November 12, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/nov/12/scott-morrison-says-he-believes-he-has-never-told-a-lie-in-public-life-was-that-a-lie; Bernard Keane et al., “A Dossier of Lies and Falsehoods: How Scott Morrison Manipulates the Truth,” Crikey, https://www.crikey.com.au/dossier-of-lies-and-falsehoods/.

109. Romain Fathi, “‘I Don’t Think, I Know’—What Makes Macron’s Comments about Morrison So Extraordinary and So Worrying,” The Conversation, November 1, 2021, https://theconversation.com/i-dont-think-i-know-what-makes-macrons-comments-about-morrison-so-extraordinary-and-so-worrying-170947.

110. Jorge Branco, “‘I Will Treat All Former Prime Ministers with Respect’: Morrison Sidesteps Turnbull Claims of a History of Lying,” 9News, November 3, 2021, https://www.9news.com.au/national/scott-morrison-aukus-scott-has-always-had-a-reputation-for-telling-lies--turnbull-piles-on-pm-criticism/2c0bf301-e2cf-4789-a201-d17b386b0c70.

111. Karp, “Scott Morrison Says He ‘Believes’ He Has Never Told a Lie.”

112. Commission on Presidential Debates, “September 26, 2016 Debate Transcript,” presidential debate at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, September 26, 2016, https://www.debates.org/voter-education/debate-transcripts/september-26-2016-debate-transcript/.

113. Eugene Kiely, “Is Stop-and-Frisk Unconstitutional?” FactCheck.org, September 29, 2016, https://www.factcheck.org/2016/09/is-stop-and-frisk-unconstitutional/; Floyd v. City of New York, 959 F. Supp. 2d 540 (S.D.N.Y. 2013).

114. Graham, “Can Mike Pence’s Denial of Reality Work for Him?”

115. Richard Wolffe et al., “‘It Wasn’t a Pretty Night for Tim Kaine’: Reaction to the Vice-Presidential Debate,” Guardian, October 5, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/04/vice-presidential-debate-reaction-verdict-tim-kaine.

116. Alan Yuhas, “VP Debate Fact-Check: Mike Pence and Tim Kaine’s Claims Reviewed,” Guardian, October 5, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/04/vice-president-debate-fact-check-mike-pence-tim-kaine; Matt Wilstein, “Seth Meyers Exposes Mike Pence for Debate ‘Lies’: Have You Met Donald Trump?,” Daily Beast, October 6, 2016, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/06/seth-meyers-exposes-mike-pence-for-debate-lies-have-you-met-donald-trump.html.

117. Derek L. Phillips and Kevin J. Clancy, “Some Effects of ‘Social Desirability’ in Survey Studies,” American Journal of Sociology 77, no. 5 (1972): 921–40, https://doi.org/10.1086/225231; Roger Tourangeau and Ting Yan, “Sensitive Questions in Surveys,” Psychological Bulletin 133, no. 5 (2007): 859–83, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859; Ivar Krumpal, “Determinants of Social Desirability Bias in Sensitive Surveys: A Literature Review,” Quality & Quantity 47, no. 4 (2013): 2025–47, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9.

118. Delroy L. Paulhus, “Socially Desirable Responding on Self-Reports,” in The Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (2017), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316748943_Socially_Desirable_Responding_on_Self-Reports.

119. Richard E. Nisbett and Timothy D. Wilson, “Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes,” Psychological Review 84, no. 3 (1977): 231–59, https://home.csulb.edu/~cwallis/382/readings/482/nisbett%20saying%20more.pdf.

120. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, “The Nature and Scope of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Catholic Priests and Deacons in the United States, 1950–2002,” City University of New York, February 2004, https://www.usccb.org/sites/default/files/issues-and-action/child-and-youth-protection/upload/The-Nature-and-Scope-of-Sexual-Abuse-of-Minors-by-Catholic-Priests-and-Deacons-in-the-United-States-1950-2002.pdf; Mark Chaves and Diane Garland, “The Prevalence of Clergy Sexual Advances toward Adults in Their Congregations,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 48, no. 4 (2009): 817–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01482.xDigital Object Identifier (DOI)

121. Paige L. Sweet, “The Sociology of Gaslighting,” American Sociological Review 84, no. 5 (2019): 851–75, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419874843; Cynthia A. Stark, “Gaslighting, Misogyny, and Psychological Oppression,” The Monist 102, no. 2 (2019): 221–35, https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/onz007; Kate Abramson, “Turning Up the Lights on Gaslighting,” Philosophical Perspectives 28, no. 1 (2014): 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1111/phpe.12046.

122. Donald J. Trump, “Remarks at a Campaign Rally in Rome, Georgia,” March 9, 2024, The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-campaign-rally-rome-georgia.

123. Whitney Danhauer. "UFC Fighter Josh Hokit Sparks Backlash After Falsely Claiming Michelle Obama Is a ‘Man’," Yahoo, Jun 15, 2026, https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/ufc-fighter-josh-hokit-sparks-140600803.html.

124. Finya Swai, "Rogan: UFC Fighter Who Insulted Michelle Obama Probably Shouldn’t Have Been Invited to White House Event," The Hill, June 25, 2026, https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/5940511-joe-rogan-ufc-fight-josh-hokit-michelle-obama-criticism/.

125. Powerful JRE, “The Joe Rogan Experience #2526 – JD Vance,” YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtxyvD58eDg.

126. Ryan Mancini, "Vance: Reaction to Michelle Obama Insult at White House UFC Event ‘Totally Disproportionate’," The Hill, July 16, 2026, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5971275-vance-dismisses-michelle-obama-ufc-remark/.

127. Elgin, Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense.

128. Lenore E. Walker, The Battered Woman (New York: Harper & Row, 1979).

129. Shahida Arabi, Power: Surviving and Thriving After Narcissistic Abuse (New York: Thought Catalog Books, 2017).

130. Fahrenthold, “Trump Called Epstein a ‘Terrific Guy.’”

131. Isabelle Chapman et al., “Inside Jeffrey Epstein’s Private Island: What Visitors Saw—and What They Say They Didn’t,” CNN, March 13, 2026, https://edition.cnn.com/2026/03/13/us/jeffrey-epstein-little-st-james-island-invs-vis.

132. Matthew J. Belvedere, “Trump says he trusts China’s Xi on coronavirus and the US has it ‘totally under control’”. CNBC, January 22, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/22/trump-on-coronavirus-from-china-we-have-it-totally-under-control.html.

133. Robert Farley, “Initial Reports of No Injuries from Iran’s Attack Were Inaccurate,” FactCheck.org, January 17, 2020, https://www.factcheck.org/2020/01/initial-reports-of-no-injuries-from-irans-attack-were-inaccurate/; Calvin Woodward, “AP Fact Check: Trump’s False Assurance About Troops in Iraq,” Associated Press, January 24, 2020, https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-ap-top-news-germany-traumatic-brain-injuries-trauma-ef01f370471f00bbd8b2900492962189; “More Than 100 US Troops Suffered Traumatic Brain Injury in Iran Strike, Military Says,” Guardian, February 10, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/10/us-troops-brain-injury-iran-strike-military-to-report.

134. Jarrett Renshaw, Daphne Psaledakis and David Lawder, “Trump Says Americans Could Feel ‘Pain’ in Trade War with Mexico, Canada, China,” Reuters, February 2, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-americans-could-feel-pain-trade-war-with-mexico-canada-china-2025-02-02/; Josh Boak, “Trump Says Americans Could Feel ‘Some Pain’ from His New Tariffs,” Associated Press, February 2, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/trump-tariffs-canada-mexico-china-trade-surplus-3010e6368545e2976feb5ac6b41e528e.

135. Walker, The Battered Woman.

136. Carter Sherman, “26 Women Have Accused Trump of Sexual Misconduct. He Finally Has to Face One in Court,” Vice, April 25, 2023, https://www.vice.com/en/article/e-jean-carroll-trump-rape-trial/.

137. Glenn Kessler and Joe Fox, “The False Claims That Trump Keeps Repeating,” Washington Post, January 20, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/fact-checker-most-repeated-disinformation/#U.S.-trade-deficits.

138. Glenn Kessler, “Christie’s Claim That Trump Did Not ‘On a Regular Basis’ Spout Birther Nonsense after 2011,” Washington Post, September 18, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/09/18/christies-claim-that-trump-did-not-on-a-regular-basis-spout-birther-nonsense-after-2011/.

139. David A. Graham, "But Her Emails?", Atlantic, March 25, 2025, https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2025/03/Atlantic-group-chat-military-hegseth-vance-yemen/682166/.

140. See, for example, Joel Silberman, “What to Do If Your Crazy Right-Wing Uncle Comes for Thanksgiving,” Los Angeles Times, November 24, 2014, https://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-thanksgiving-dinner-family-political-debate-20141124-story.html.

141. If you want to watch me struggle with this tactic (perhaps you have an appetite for sadism), feel free to browse my collection of media appearances when I was Media Chair for Democrats Abroad. Elana Sztokman. “Tackling Trump in the Israeli Media.” JewFem Blog, November 9, 2019, https://jewfem.com/index.php?option=com_easyblog&view=entry&id=668&Itemid=516.

142. D'Angelo Gore and Jessica McDonald, “Viral Claims About Charlie Kirk’s Words,” FactCheck.org, September 12, 2025, https://www.factcheck.org/2025/09/viral-claims-about-charlie-kirks-words/.

143. Nur Ibrahim, “18 of Charlie Kirk’s Alleged Quotes, Investigated,” Snopes, accessed July 4, 2026, https://www.snopes.com/collections/charlie-kirks-quotes-investigated/; Chris Stein, “Charlie Kirk in His Own Words: ‘Prowling Blacks’ and ‘the Great Replacement Strategy,’” Guardian, September 11, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/11/charlie-kirk-quotes-beliefs.

144. See this Reddit thread for an interesting and important discussion about Kirk’s methods: Scott Galloway, "Charlie Kirk Was Never The ‘Debate God’ That Right-Wing Fans Like to Imagine," Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/ScottGalloway/comments/1nocsd7/charlie_kirk_was_never_the_debate_god_that/.

145. Stephan Lewandowsky et al., “Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13, no. 3 (2012): 106–31, https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018.

146. Ziva Kunda, “The Case for Motivated Reasoning,” Psychological Bulletin 108, no. 3 (1990): 480–98, https://fbaum.unc.edu/teaching/articles/Psych-Bulletin-1990-Kunda.pdf.

147. Kunda, “Case for Motivated Reasoning.”

148. Lee Ross et al., “Perseverance in Self-Perception and Social Perception,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32, no. 5 (1975): 880–92, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1976-07163-001.

149. Jennifer Kavanagh and Michael Rich, Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2018).

150. Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957); “Belief Perseverance,” in Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, ed. Roy F. Baumeister and Kathleen D. Vohs (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2007), https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412956253.n62.

151. Elizabeth Kolbert, “Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds,” New Yorker, February 27, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds.

152. Dr. Anna Szilagyi, Talk Decoded: Understanding Manipulative Communication Patterns, https://www.talkdecoded.com, accessed March 1, 2026.

153. Pamela Brown, “‘If You Repeat a Lie, It Becomes the Truth’: Brown Takes on Trump’s Election Lie,” CNN, October 11, 2021, https://edition.CNN.com/videos/politics/2021/10/11/donald-trump-the-big-lie-ftr-sot-vpx.CNN.

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155. Gordon Pennycook et al., “Prior Exposure Increases Perceived Accuracy of Fake News,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147, no. 12 (2018): 1865–80, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30247057/. Some claim that people do not fully believe the lie after repetition but only consider it plausible. Others found that even a single exposure to statements is typically enough to increase their perceived truth. Many researchers assert that this effect only works when people are initially uncertain, like with the statement “the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on earth,” something that many people may not know for sure. H.R. Arkes et al., “The Generality of the Relation between Familiarity and Judged Validity,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (1989), https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-00338-001

156. Teresa Garcia-Marques et al., “Relative to What? Dynamic Updating of Fluency Standards and Between-Participants Illusions of Truth,” Acta Psychologica 195 (2019): 71–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.02.006.

157. Doris Lacassagne, Jérémy Béna, and Olivier Corneille, “Is Earth a Perfect Square? Repetition Increases the Perceived Truth of Highly Implausible Statements,” Cognition 223 (2022): 105052, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105052.

158. Amanda Robb, “Anatomy of a Fake News Scandal,” Rolling Stone, November 16, 2017, https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/anatomy-of-a-fake-news-scandal-125877/; Cecilia Kang and Adam Goldman, “In Washington Pizzeria Attack, Fake News Brought Real Guns,” New York Times,

December 5, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/business/media/comet-ping-pong-pizza-shooting-fake-news-consequences.html?searchResultPosition=12.

159. Marc-André Argentino and Amarnath Amarasingam, Q-Pilled: Conspiracy Theories, Trump, and Election Violence in the United States (ICCT, October 29, 2020), https://www.icct.nl/publication/q-pilled-conspiracy-theories-trump-and-election-violence-united-states.

160. Alexander Kacala, “Infowars’ Alex Jones Has a Long History of Inflammatory, Anti‑LGBTQ Speech,” NBC News, August 7, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/infowars-alex-jones-has-long-history-inflammatory-anti-lgbtq-speech-n898431. Alex Jones has even claimed that frogs are turning gay as a result of government actions in the waterways, a claim not meant to protect the environment as much as it was meant to raise the alarm about the “dangerous spread” of homosexuality.

161. Elizabeth Williamson, Sandy Hook: An American Tragedy and the Battle for Truth (New York: Dutton, 2022); Dave Collins, “Sandy Hook Families Testify about Threats, Fear of Deniers,” Associated Press, September 21, 2022, https://apnews.com/article/shootings-school-connecticut-alex-jones-waterbury-782e495a3ece4753d857a9b47d444385 ; Jack Queen, “Alex Jones Must Pay Sandy Hook Families Nearly $1 Billion for Hoax Claims,” Reuters, October 12, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/legal/jury-begins-third-day-deliberations-alex-jones-sandy-hook-defamation-trial-2022-10-12/; Jack Queen, “Alex Jones Loses Bid to Slash $50 Million Sandy Hook Defamation Verdict,” Reuters, November 22, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/legal/alex-jones-loses-bid-slash-50-million-sandy-hook-defamation-verdict-2022-11-22/.

162. Amanda Robb, “Anatomy of a Fake News Scandal,” Rolling Stone, November 16, 2017, https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/anatomy-of-a-fake-news-scandal-125877/.

163. Roeper, Richard. Debunked!: Conspiracy Theories, Urban Legends, And Evil Plots of the 21st Century. Chicago Review Press, 2008.

164. Delia Mocanu et al., “Collective Attention in the Age of (Mis)Information,” March 13, 2014, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260800679_Collective_attention_in_the_age_of_misinformation.

165. Olivia Solon, “How Social Media Drives Conspiracy Theories,” Wired, March 20, 2014, https://www.wired.com/story/how-conspiracy-theories-spread-on-fb/; Thomas Brewster, “World Economic Forum Warns Of ‘Digital Widlfire’ Global Threat,” TechWeek Europe, January 8, 2013, https://www.silicon.co.uk/workspace/world-economic-forum-digital-widlfire-global-threats-103451.

166. Joseph M. Pierre, “Mistrust and Misinformation: A Two-Component, Socio-Epistemic Model of Belief in Conspiracy Theories,” Journal of Social and Political Psychology 8, no. 2 (2020): 617–41, https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v8i2.1362.

167. Joseph E. Uscinski and Joseph M. Parent, American Conspiracy Theories (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).

168. Karen M. Douglas et al., “The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 6 (2017): 538–42, DOI:10.1177/0963721417718261; Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, “Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures,” Journal of Political Philosophy 17, no. 2 (2009): 202–27.

169. Kim LaCapria, “Is Comet Ping Pong Pizzeria Home to a Child Abuse Ring Led by Hillary Clinton?,” Snopes, November 21, 2016, https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/pizzagate-conspiracy/; Cecilia Kang, “Fake News Onslaught Targets Pizzeria as Nest of Child-Trafficking,” New York Times, November 21, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/technology/fact-check-this-pizzeria-is-not-a-child-trafficking-site.html?_r=0; Editorial Board, “‘Pizzagate’ Shows How Fake News Hurts Real People,” Washington Post, November 25, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/pizzagate-shows-how-fake-news-hurts-real-people/2016/11/25/d9ee0590-b0f9-11e6-840f-e3ebab6bcdd3_story.html.

170. Kang and Goldman, “In Washington Pizzeria Attack, Fake News Brought Real Guns.”

171. Tim Dickinson, “How Roger Ailes Built the Fox News Fear Factory,” Rolling Stone, May 25, 2011, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/how-roger-ailes-built-the-fox-news-fear-factory-20110525; Olivia B. Waxman, “Before Fox News, Roger Ailes Helped Get Richard Nixon Elected”. Time, May 18, 2017, https://time.com/4784104/roger-ailes-richard-nixon/

172. Peter Schroeder, “Poll: 43 Percent of Republicans Believe Obama Is a Muslim,” The Hill, September 13, 2015, http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/253515-poll-43-percent-of-republicans-believe-obama-is-a-muslim.

173. Dickinson, “How Roger Ailes Built the Fox News Fear Factory.”

174. Sarah Kendzior, They Knew: How a Culture of Conspiracy Keeps America Complacent (New York: Flatiron Books, 2022).

175. Brenda Gazzar, “Poll: 60 Percent of Trump Supporters Believe Obama Is Muslim,” Los Angeles Daily News, December 22, 2015, http://www.dailynews.com/government-and-politics/20151222/poll-60-percent-of-trump-supporters-believe-obama-is-muslim.

176. Michal Kranz, John Haltiwanger, and Joseph Zeballos-Roig, “The Conspiracy Candidate? 13 Outlandish Theories Donald Trump Has Floated on the Campaign Trail,” Business Insider, May 29, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-conspiracy-theories-2016-5/#questions-about-ted-cruzs-fathers-potential-ties-to-president-john-f-kennedys-assassin-1.

177. Marisa Schultz, "Hillary Clinton Can’t Stop Coughing During Speech," New York Post, Jan. 25, 2016, https://nypost.com/2016/01/25/hillary-clinton-cant-stop-coughing-during-speech/.

178. Joseph E. Uscinski et al., “Why Do People Believe COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories?” Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (2020), https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/why-do-people-believe-covid-19-conspiracy-theories/.

179. Kenya Evelyn, "Advocates blame anti-vaxxers after four-year-old boy dies from flu," Guardian, Feb 7, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/07/colorado-boy-dies-flu-anti-vaccine-facebook-groups.

180. Stephan Lewandowsky et al., “Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the ‘Post-Truth’ Era,” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6, no. 4 (2017): 353–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008.

181. “13 Consequences of Lying in Relationships,” https://www.adornedheart.com/13-consequences-of-lying-on-relationships/; Anne Blythe, “Is Lying Emotionally Abusive?” Betrayal Trauma Recovery, https://www.btr.org/is-lying-emotionally-abusive/.

182. Victoria W. Dykstra et al, “A Longitudinal Examination of the Relation Between Lie-Telling, Secrecy, Parent–Child Relationship Quality, and Depressive Symptoms in Late-Childhood and Adolescence.” Journal of Youth Adolescence 49, 438–448 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01183-z; Julian B. Rotter, “A New Scale for the Measurement of Interpersonal Trust,” Journal of Personality 35, no. 4 (1967): 651–65, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01454.x.

183. Joyce Berg et al., “Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History,” Games and Economic Behavior 10, no. 1 (1995): 122–42, DOI: 10.1006/game.1995.1027

184. Naomi I. Eisenberger et al., “Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion,” Science 302, no. 5643 (2003): 290–92; Luke J. Chang and Alan G. Sanfey, “Great Expectations: Neural Computations Underlying the Use of Social Norms in Decision-Making,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8, no. 3 (2013): 277–84, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14551436/.

185. Roy J. Lewicki and Barbara Benedict Bunker, “Developing and Maintaining Trust in Work Relationships,” in Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, ed. Roderick M. Kramer and Tom R. Tyler (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1996), 114–39, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243610.n7.

186. David M. J. Lazer et al., “The Science of Fake News,” Science 359, no. 6380 (2018): 1094–96, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao2998.

187. Ullrich Ecker and Toby Prike, “We Know Politicians Lie—But Do We Care?” The Conversation, February 13, 2022, https://theconversation.com/we-know-politicians-lie-but-do-we-care-176578.

188. Pew Research Center, “Public Trust in Government: 1958–2025,” December 4, 2025, https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2025/12/04/public-trust-in-government-1958-2025/.

189. “Poll: Just a Quarter of Republicans Accept Election Outcome,” NPR, December 9, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/12/09/944385798/poll-just-a-quarter-of-republicans-accept-election-outcome.

190. Karl Friston, “The Free-Energy Principle: A Unified Brain Theory?” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11, no. 2 (2010): 127–38, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787.

191. Sandra Metts, An Exploratory Investigation of Deception in Close Relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 6(2), 159-179 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1177/026540758900600202; Dykstra, “A Longitudinal Analysis.”

192. Sheldon Cohen et al., “Psychological Stress and Disease,” JAMA 298, no. 14 (2007): 1685–87, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1685.

193. Hannah Arendt, “Lying in Politics: Reflections on the Pentagon Papers,” in Crises of the Republic (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), 6–7, https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1971/11/18/lying-in-politics-reflections-on-the-pentagon-pape/.

194. Robert Fulghum, All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten (New York: Villard Books, 1988).

195. Amy Syracuse, “Donald Trump Is a Mother’s Nightmare,” Time, January 21, 2016, https://time.com/4187658/donald-trump-is-a-mothers-nightmare/.

196. Commission on Presidential Debates, “September 26, 2016 Debate Transcript.”

197. Douglas Walton, Ad Hominem Arguments. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998.)

198. Grace Lichtenstein, “The Last of the Hot‐Shot Big‐Mouths?” New York Times, Feb. 15, 1970, https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/15/archives/the-last-of-the-hotshot-bigmouths.html; Neal Gabler, “Winchell”; St. Clair McKelway, “Walter Winchell”. I remember as a kid how “PEE-YOU” was used as the ultimate put-down. This is certainly a dated nick-name, and I am curious if the younger readers will recognize it.

199. Melissa Chan, “Watch Donald Trump Smile as Supporters Chant ‘Hillary for Prison,’” Time, January 11, 2016, http://time.com/4175830/donald-trump-hillary-for-prison/.

200. John Santucci and Candace Smith, “Inside the Trump Campaign’s Unusual Rise to the Top,” ABC News, November 6, 2016, https://abcnews.go.com/news/story/inside-trump-campaigns-unusual-rise-top-43301060.

201. Olivia Nuzzi, “The Afterlife of Donald Trump,” New York Magazine, September 9, 2024, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/donald-trump-ear-campaign-assassination-attempt.html.

202. James Liddell, “Trump’s Nine Weirdest Nicknames for His Political Rivals, from Wacky Jacky to Tampon Tim,” Independent, September 28, 2024, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-nicknames-harris-biden-walz-b2616334.html; Mona Lazar, “129 Insulting Trump Nicknames You Must Know—Choose Your Favorite!,” Medium, April 24, 2025, https://medium.com/@monalazzar/129-insulting-trump-nicknames-you-must-know-choose-your-favorite-ef2bffb133b6.

203. He was also not the first to assert that Hillary Clinton is a liar. William Safire did that back in 1996 in a column asserting that Hillary lied about a litany of issues, all of which have since been disproven. William Safire, “Essay: Blizzard of Lies,” New York Times, January 8, 1996, http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/08/opinion/essay-blizzard-of-lies.html; Heather Digby Parton, “Press, Lies and Hillary’s Campaign: Years of Smears Have Created a Fictional Version of Clinton. They’re Also a Disservice to Voters,” Salon, September 6, 2016, http://www.salon.com/2016/09/06/press-lies-and-hillarys-campaign-years-of-smears-have-created-a-fictional-version-of-clinton-theyre-also-a-disservice-to-voters.

204. Simon Maloy, “Rush Limbaugh’s Decades of Sexism and Misogyny,” Media Matters, March 5, 2012, http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/03/05/rush-limbaughs-decades-of-sexism-and-misogyny/184039.

205. Maloy, “Rush Limbaugh’s Decades of Sexism.”

206. Drue Allison Marr, “Three Networks, Two Candidates, One Problem: Sexist News Commentary During Hillary Clinton’s Presidential and Sarah Palin’s Vice-Presidential Campaigns." Young Scholars in Writing 16 (2019): 39-50, https://youngscholarsinwriting.org/index.php/ysiw/article/view/273

207. Dean Schabner and Matt Negrin, “Rush Limbaugh Apologizes for Calling Sandra Fluke a ‘Slut,’” ABC News, March 3, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/rush-limbaugh-apologizes-calling-sandra-fluke-slut/story?id=15841687.

208. “Rush Limbaugh: ‘It’s Such a Great Insult!’” The Right Scoop, December 22, 2015, http://therightscoop.com/rush-limbaugh-its-such-a-great-insult/.

209. Media Matters, Niki Jagpal, “Chris Matthews Teased Segment by Asking Whether Clinton Is a ‘She Devil,’” November 19, 2007, http://mediamatters.org/research/2007/11/19/chris-matthews-teased-segment-by-asking-whether/141745.

210. Media Matters, Brian Levy, “Matthews Asked about Clinton Endorsers’ ‘Willingness’ ‘to Become Castratos in the Eunuch Chorus,’” December 17, 2007, https://www.mediamatters.org/chris-matthews/matthews-asked-about-clinton-endorsers-willingness-become-castratos-eunuch-chorus.

211. Media Matters, Jeremy Holden, “Matthews and Others on NBC Networks Have Repeatedly Linked Clinton to Fictional Nurse Ratched,” December 7, 2007, http://mediamatters.org/research/2007/12/07/matthews-and-others-on-nbc-networks-have-repeat/141890.

212. Katy van Syckle, MSNBC’s Chris Matthews Caught on Hot Mic Ogling Melania Trump, Variety, May 4, 2016 https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/chris-matthews-sexist-melanie-donald-trump-msnbc-1201766549/.

213. Page van der Linden, “Chris Matthews’ Greatest Sexist Hits,” Daily Kos, January 10, 2008, https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2008/1/9/433806/community/Chris-Matthews-Greatest-Sexist-Hits/;

Sarah Midkiff, “A Timeline of Chris Matthews’ Sexist Comments About Women,” Refinery 29, March 3, 2020, https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/03/9500051/chris-matthews-sexist-comments-women-history.

214. Katie Van-Syckle, “MSNBC’s Chris Matthews Caught on Hot Mic Ogling Melania Trump,” Variety, May 4, 2016, http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/chris-matthews-sexist-melanie-donald-trump-msnbc-1201766549/.

215. Willoughby Mariano, “In Context: Bill Maher on Women,” PolitiFact, March 19, 2012, https://politifact.com/article/2012/mar/19/context-bill-maher-women/.

216. Kirsten Powers, “Rush Limbaugh Isn’t the Only Media Misogynist,” Daily Beast, March 4, 2012, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/03/04/rush-limbaugh-s-apology-liberal-men-need-to-follow-suit.html.

217. Carmen Rios, “Hate for Hillary,” Ms. Magazine, July 28, 2020, https://msmagazine.com/2020/07/28/hate-for-hillary/.

218. Thrity Umrigar, “Bernie Bros Made Me Finally Recognize Misogyny in America,” Huffington Post, May 5, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thrity-umrigar/bernie-bros-sexism_b_9847092.html.

219. Marie Solis, “Bernie Sanders Official Campaign Site Once Invited Supporters to ‘Bern the Witch,’” Mic, March 11, 2016, https://mic.com/articles/137707/a-bern-the-witch-event-appeared-on-bernie-sanders-official-site-and-the-internet-is-mad#.iuOvxYJmg; see also Sable Aradia, “#BerntheWitch Wasn’t About Misogyny, but Now it Might as Well Be,” Patheos, March 15, 2016, http://www.patheos.com/blogs/betweentheshadows/2016/03/bernthewitch-wasnt-about-misogyny-but-now-it-might-as-well-be/.

220. Michael Russnow, “Donald Trump and His Name-Calling: Why Hasn’t It Backfired Yet?” Huffington Post, August 8, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-russnow/donald-trump-and-his-name-calling-why-hasnt-it-backfired-yet_b_8002324.html. “Donald Trump’s Knack for Nicknames.” New Statesman, https://www.youtube.com/shorts/bNGXXx7Jacw.

221. Chris Cillizza, “Bully in Chief: Donald Trump proves it again with his 'Pocahontas' attack. It's not an exaggeration to say that Donald Trump insulted his way to the White House,” WRAL News, 27 Nov 2017, https://www.wral.com/archive/17144807/.

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223. Ellie Lisista, “The Four Horsemen: Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, and Stonewalling,” Gottman Institute, https://www.gottman.com/blog/the-four-horsemen-recognizing-criticism-contempt-defensiveness-and-stonewalling/, accessed March 1, 2026.

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225. Soraya Chemaly, “In Orlando, as Usual, Domestic Violence Was Ignored Red Flag,” Rolling Stone, June 14, 2016, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/in-orlando-as-usual-domestic-violence-was-ignored-red-flag-90139/.

226. Soraya Chemaly, Rage Becomes Her: The Power of Women’s Anger (New York: Atria Books, 2018), 21–38.

227. Tom Jacobs, “Trump’s Election Made Bigotry More Acceptable: New Research Offers a Disturbing Case Study in Shifting Social Norms,” Pacific Standard, February 21, 2018, https://psmag.com/social-justice/trumps-election-made-bigotry-more-acceptable/.

228. Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Trump Administration Accidentally Texted Me Its War Plans,” Atlantic, March 24, 2025; “Here Are the Attack Plans That Trump’s Advisers Shared on Signal,” Atlantic, March 26, 2025, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/03/signal-group-chat-attack-plans-hegseth-goldberg/682176/.

229. We know this because the closest thing to that kind of breach was when then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton used a private email server for official public communications rather than using official State Department email accounts hosted on federal servers (“But her emails!”). I cannot help but shake my head in astonishment recalling the outsized outrage over Clinton’s use of a private server for nothing nearly as significant as this, chants that became a defining talking point in the 2016 presidential elections and beyond. Yet with Hegseth, crickets. See David A. Graham, "But Her Emails?", Atlantic, March 25, 2025, https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2025/03/Atlantic-group-chat-military-hegseth-vance-yemen/682166/; see also, Editorial Board, “But her emails…”, New York Times, October 21, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/21/opinion/trump-hillary-clinton-email.html.

230.Justine McDaniel, Azi Paybarah, and Adriana Usero, “How the Trump administration downplayed the Signal chat leak,” Washington Post, March 29, 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2025/trump-administration-signal-chat-leak-response/.

231. Sam Levin, “Mike Waltz Claims ‘Full Responsibility’ for Signal Group Leaked to Journalist,” Guardian, March 25, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/mar/25/mike-waltz-yemen-plans-breach-signal-group.

232. Karoun Demirjian, “Trump Administration Deflects Blame for Leak at Every Turn,” New York Times, March 26, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/26/us/politics/signal-chat-military-plan-leak-trump.html.

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235. Nicholas Riccardi, “Blame Game After Acts of Political Violence Can Lead to Further Attacks, Experts Warn,” Associated Press, September 14, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/charlie-kirk-political-violence-shootings-utah-7b4e9b662932943a77635a0f8e839270; Rebecca Schneid, “Trump Called for a Crackdown on the ‘Radical Left.’ But Right-Wing Extremists Are Responsible for More Political Violence,” Time, September 16, 2025, https://time.com/7317383/political-violence-america-trump-crackdown-right/.

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238. Josh Siegel, “Trump Energy Secretary: ‘We’re Going to Get Blamed’ for Rising Power Prices—but They’re Democrats’ Fault,” E&E News, August 18, 2025, https://www.eenews.net/articles/trump-energy-secretary-were-going-to-get-blamed-for-rising-power-prices-but-theyre-democrats-fault/.

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241. Stephen Collinson, “Trump’s Answer for Everything: Blame Biden,” CNN, December 9, 2025, https://edition.cnn.com/2025/12/09/politics/trump-blame-biden-economy-ukraine.

242. Nima Elbagir et al., “Qatar Sent Millions to Gaza for Years—with Israel’s Backing. Here’s What We Know about the Controversial Deal,” CNN, December 11, 2023, https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/11/middleeast/qatar-hamas-funds-israel-backing-intl; Cortellessa, Eric. "Fact-Checking What Benjamin Netanyahu Said in His 2024 Interview With TIME." Time, August 13, 2024, https://time.com/7010486/fact-checking-what-benjamin-netanyahu-said-in-his-2024-interview-with-time/; “Time Fact-Checks Netanyahu Interview, Countering His Denial of ‘Bankrolling’ Hamas,” Times of Israel, August 18, 2024, https://www.timesofisrael.com/time-fact-checks-netanyahu-interview-countering-his-denial-of-bankrolling-hamas/; Tal Schneider, “For Years, Netanyahu Propped Up Hamas. Now It’s Blown Up in Our Faces,” Times of Israel, October 8, 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/for-years-netanyahu-propped-up-hamas-now-its-blown-up-in-our-faces/.

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245. Lundy Bancroft, Why Does He Do That? Inside the Minds of Angry and Controlling Men (New York: Berkley, 2002); Ramani Durvasula, Don’t You Know Who I Am? How to Stay Sane in an Era of Narcissism, Entitlement, and Incivility (New York: Post Hill Press, 2019); Beverly Engel, The Emotionally Abusive Relationship (New York: Wiley, 2002); Patricia Evans, The Verbally Abusive Relationship (Avon, MA: Adams Media, 1996).

246. Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery (New York: Basic Books, 1992); George K. Simon, In Sheep’s Clothing: Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People (Little Rock, AR: Parkhurst Brothers, 2010).

247. Engel, The Emotionally Abusive Relationship.

248. James R. Detert and Ethan R. Burris, “Leadership Behavior and Employee Voice: Is the Door Really Open?” Academy of Management Journal 50, no. 4 (2007): 869–84, https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.26279183.

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253. Andrey Kurkov, “A Humiliation at the White House and What Does It Tell Us? Trump Would Make a Colony of My Country,” Guardian, February 28, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/feb/28/ukraine-us-minerals-deal; Julie Carr Smyth, “JD Vance Gets His Long-Awaited Moment to Admonish Ukraine’s Zelenskyy,” Associated Press, March 1, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/jd-vance-zelenskyy-ukraine-854b13006d0601223e5ac8d955b08a8b; Tyler Roush, “Trump Threatens Zelensky During Tense Live Meeting: ‘Make a Deal or We’re Out,’” Forbes, February 28, 2025, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tylerroush/2025/02/28/trump-threatens-zelensky-during-tense-live-meeting-make-a-deal-or-were-out/.

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255. Ryan Teague Beckwith, “Trump: Debate Moderator Had ‘Blood Coming Out of Her Wherever,’” Time, August 8, 2015, https://time.com/3989652/donald-trump-megyn-kelly-blood-wherever/.

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257. “White House Suspends Correspondent’s Press Pass; Reporter Alleges Retaliation,” U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, 2019, https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/white-house-suspends-correspondents-press-pass-reporter-alleges-retaliation/.

258. Kathryn Watson, “Andrew McCabe Speaks Out in Op-Ed after Firing,” CBS News, March 24, 2018, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mccabe-fights-back-in-op-ed-after-firing/.

259. Laurie Ouellette and Sarah Banet-Weiser, “Special Issue: Media and the Extreme Right: Editor’s Introduction,” Communication, Culture and Critique 11, no. 1 (March 2018), 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcx021.

260. Michael S. Schmidt and Maggie Haberman, “Trump Humiliated Jeff Sessions After Mueller Appointment,” New York Times, September 14, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/us/politics/jeff-sessions-trump.html.

261. Brian Beutler, “Did Donald Trump Just Publicly Humiliate His Entire Cabinet Because He Worries the End is Near?” New Republic, June 12, 2017, https://newrepublic.com/article/143276/donald-trump-just-publicly-humiliate-entire-cabinet-worries-end-near.

262. Mike Bedigan, “Arrangement of World Leaders Sat around Donald Trump in the White House Raises Eyebrows,” Independent, August 19, 2025, https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/donald-trump-white-house-urkaine-world-leaders-b2810562.html.

263. Joanna Walters, “‘Shithole’ Remark by Trump Makes Global Headlines—But It Doesn’t Quite Translate,” Guardian, January 13, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/12/trump-shithole-countries-lost-in-translation.

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369. Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977).

370. Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion; Gabriel S. Lenz, Follow the Leader? How Voters Respond to Politicians’ Policies and Performance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).

371. Maureen A. Costello, The Trump Effect: The Impact of the 2016 Presidential Election on Our Nation’s Schools (Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center, 2016), https://www.splcenter.org/20161128/trump-effect-impact-2016-presidential-election-our-nations-schools.

372. Maureen A. Costello, The Trump Effect.

373. Neal Gabler, Winchell: Gossip, Power, and the Culture of Celebrity (New York: Knopf, 1994).

374. Nicholas von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn (New York: Doubleday, 1988).

375. David Greenberg, Nixon’s Shadow: The History of an Image (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).

376. K. H. Jamieson and Joseph N. Cappella, Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

377. Sarah Kendzior, Hiding in Plain Sight: The Invention of Donald Trump and the Erosion of America (New York: Flatiron Books, 2020).

378. Time Staff, “Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech,” Time, June 16, 2015. https://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/.

379. Author Tova Mirvis, in her book The Ladies’ Auxiliary, (New York, Random House, 2000), invented a narrating voice of “the invisible they”, referring to the gaggle of women in the community who shared gossip and judgment, whether true or not. I hear this “invisible they” in the language of Trump, a feature of the generalization and triangulation tactics.

380. Elgin, Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense.

381. Suzette Haden Elgin, You Can’t Say That to Me: Stopping the Pain of Verbal Abuse (New York: Wiley, 1995).

382. “Trump: ‘Everybody Loves Me’,” CNN, July 8, 2015, http://edition.CNN.com/videos/us/2015/07/08/trump-everyone-loves-me-intvw.CNN.

383. Philip Bump, “Trump Is Overhyping Another One of His Favorite Popularity Metrics,” Washington Post, August 26, 2024, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/08/26/trump-tv-ratings/.

384. “Interview with Donald Trump,” Larry King Live, CNN, May 17, 2005,

https://transcripts.CNN.com/show/lkl/date/2009-04-18/segment/01.

385. Malcolm Ferguson. “Trump: Black People Love Me Because They Know a Good Scam.” New Republic, December 10, 2025, https://newrepublic.com/post/204234/trump-black-people-love-me-know-good-scam.

386. Mercieca, Demagogue for President, 61–66.

387. “Lauren Carroll, “‘I Watched in Jersey City, N.J., Where Thousands and Thousands of People Were Cheering’ As the World Trade Center Collapsed.” PolitiFact, November 22, 2015, https://politifact.com/factchecks/2015/nov/22/donald-trump/fact-checking-trumps-claim-thousands-new-jersey-ch/.

388. “Remarks by President Trump in Press Briefing,” White House Archives, April 14, 2020, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-press-briefing/.

389. Donald J. Trump, “White House Coronavirus Task Force Press Briefing,” CBN News, April 3, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M5ae_jwGt4.

390. Tucker Carlson, Tucker Carlson Tonight, Fox News, March 16, 2021.

391. Charlie Kirk, The Charlie Kirk Show, podcast episode, August 12, 2022, Salem Media Group.

392. Rachel Looker, “JD Vance Defends 'Childless Cat Ladies' Comment After Backlash,” BBC, 27 July 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c147yn4xxx4o.

393. Ken Bensinger and Charlie Smart, “The Debate Style That Propelled Charlie Kirk’s Movement,” New York Times, September 27, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/09/27/us/politics/charlie-kirk-debate.html?smid=wa-share.

394. Rush Limbaugh, The Rush Limbaugh Show, July 3, 2014.

395. “Donald Trump Interviewed by Meredith Vieira on NBC’s The Today Show,” April 7, 2011, Roll Call Factba.se, https://rollcall.com/factbase/trump/transcript/donald-trump-interview-nbc-the-today-show-april-7-2011/; Michael Cohen, interview by Rachel Maddow, The Rachel Maddow Show, MSNBC, September 8, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TtkXXokDIg.

396. Oliver Milman, “Trump Touts Hydroxychloroquine as a Cure for Covid-19. Don’t Believe the Hype,” Guardian, April 6, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/apr/06/coronavirus-cure-fact-check-hydroxychloroquine-trump.

397. Commission on Presidential Debates, “Presidential Debate at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio,” September 29, 2020, transcript, American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/presidential-debate-case-western-reserve-university-cleveland-ohio; Donald J. Trump, “Remarks at a White House Coronavirus Task Force Press Briefing,” April 6, 2020, American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-white-house-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-22; Tim Weiner, Tim, “A Deep Dive into President Trump’s Doublespeak and Other Rhetorical Tricks,” Washington Post, July 24, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/a-deep-dive-into-president-trumps-doublespeak-and-other-rhetorical-tricks/2020/07/23/c28d5d02-bfb3-11ea-b178-bb7b05b94af1_story.html.

398. S. Shyam Sundar, “The MAIN Model: A Heuristic Approach to Understanding Technology Effects on Credibility,” in Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility, ed. Miriam J. Metzger and Andrew J. Flanagin (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), 73–100, ; Xialing Lin et al., “Social Media and Credibility Indicators: The Effect of Influence Cues,” Computers in Human Behavior 63 (2016): 264–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.002; Miriam J. Metzger et al., “Social and Heuristic Approaches to Credibility Evaluation Online,” Journal of Communication 60, no. 3 (2010): 413–39, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01488.x; Inyoung Shin et al., “Twitter and Endorsed (Fake) News: The Influence of Endorsement by Strong Ties, Celebrities, and a User Majority on Credibility of Fake News During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” International Journal of Communication 16 (2022): 2573–95.

399. Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (New York: Harper Business, 2006).

400. The famous advertising slogan "Four out of five dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum" originated from a famous Trident Gum marketing campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. It became a massive pop-culture catchphrase and a clear illustration of how effectively expert-based triangulation works on people’s brains without paying attention to what was actually being said.

401. Elgin, You Can’t Say That to Me.

402. Luke Broadwater and Julian E. Barnes, “Trump Escalates Attacks on Obama and Clinton as Questions Swirl About Epstein,” New York Times, July 22, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/22/us/politics/trump-obama-clinton-epstein-treason.html.

403. See for example, Zachary B. Wolf, “Trump Accuses Obama of Treason, Annotated,” CNN, July 23, 2025, https://edition.cnn.com/2025/07/22/politics/trump-obama-treason-accusation-analysis; Megan Forrester, “Trump Accuses Obama of 'Treason' in the Oval Office,” ABC News, July 22, 2025, https://abcnews.com/Politics/trump-accuses-obama-treason-oval-office/story?id=123963917. Even President Obama got sucked into this. Max Matza, “Obama Blasts 'Bizarre' Trump Claim of 2016 election 'Treason',” BBC, July 23, 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cedgqnp897lo.

404. Broadwater and Barnes, “Trump Escalates Attacks.”

405. Larry Tye, Demagogue: The Life and Long Shadow of Senator Joe McCarthy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2020).

406. Greenberg, Nixon’s Shadow; Joe McGinniss, The Selling of the President 1968 (New York: Trident Press, 1969); Philip Elliott, “Before Fox News, Roger Ailes Helped Get Richard Nixon Elected,” Time, May 18, 2017, https://time.com/4784104/roger-ailes-richard-nixon/; Mark Sweney, “Roger Ailes Career Timeline: From Trusted Nixon Ally to Fox News Kingpin,” Guardian, May 18, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/may/18/roger-ailes-career-history-nixon-fox-news.

407. “CNN Presidential Debate,” transcript, CNN, June 27, 2024, https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/se/date/2024-06-27/segment/06.

408. Avery Lotz, “Trump Posts Fake Video in ‘KING TRUMP’ Jet as GOP Dismisses No Kings Marches,” Axios, October 19, 2025, https://www.axios.com/2025/10/19/trump-no-kings-post-jet-protesters; Lauren Aratani, “Trump Reposts AI-Generated Video of Plane Dumping Sludge on No Kings Protesters,” Guardian, October 20, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/20/trump-ai-video-no-kings.

409. Heather Cox Richardson, “Letters from an American,” Substack, October 15, 2025, https://heathercoxrichardson.substack.com/p/october-15-2025.

410. Data for Progress, “Zeteo/Drop Site News Iran Survey,” March 6–8, 2026, https://www.filesforprogress.org/datasets/2026/3/dfp_zeteo_dropsite_iran_tabs.pdf; Ryan Grim, “NEW POLL: Most Americans Believe Trump Launched Iran War to Cover Up Epstein Scandal,” Zeteo, March 11, 2026, https://zeteo.com/p/new-poll-most-americans-believe-trump.

411. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, The Trump-Ukraine Impeachment Inquiry Report, December 2019, https://democrats-intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/the_trump-ukraine_impeachment_inquiry_report.pdf; Memorandum of Telephone Conversation, Donald J. Trump and Volodymyr Zelensky, July 25, 2019, declassified September 24, 2019, https://static.c-spanvideo.org/files/pressCenter/Ukraine-Memo.pdf; Barbara McQuade, “The Dangerous Whataboutism in the Trump Classified Docs Case,” Time, June 12, 2023, https://time.com/6286371/trump-classified-documents-indictment-whataboutism/.

412. Robert Farley and Lori Robertson, “Trump’s Faulty ‘Double Standard’ Document Claim,” FactCheck.org, October 10, 2022, updated October 11, 2022, https://www.factcheck.org/2022/10/trumps-faulty-double-standard-document-claim/; House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, The Trump-Ukraine Impeachment Inquiry Report; Memorandum of Telephone Conversation, Donald J. Trump and Volodymyr Zelensky.

413. Wolff, “Trump Accuses Obama of Treason”.

414. Nandita Bose, “Trump’s Distraction Methods Fall Flat Against Epstein Uproar,” Reuters, July 26, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-distraction-methods-fall-flat-against-epstein-uproar-2025-07-26/; Steve Holland et al., “Trump Accuses Obama of Treason in Escalating Attacks over 2016 Russia Probe,” Reuters, July 23, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-accuses-obama-treason-escalating-attacks-over-2016-russia-probe-2025-07-23/; Andy Sullivan and Jan Wolfe, “U.S. Justice Department Heeds Trump’s Demand to Probe Epstein Ties with Democrats,” Reuters, November 15, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-says-he-will-ask-justice-department-probe-epstein-ties-with-bill-clinton-2025-11-14/.

415. Ian Millhiser, “The Embarrassing Epilogue to The Media’s Obsession with Hillary Clinton’s Emails,” Vox, October 22, 2019, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/10/22/20924795/hillary-clinton-emails-new-york-times-state-department; Margaret Sullivan, “But Her Emails! Behind the New York Times’ Maddening Hillary Clinton Coverage,” Vanity Fair, October 17, 2022, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/10/but-her-emails-behind-the-new-york-times-maddening-hillary-clinton-coverage.

416. Jarrett Mason, “Trump’s Distraction Methods Fall Flat Against Epstein Uproar,” Reuters, July 26, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-distraction-methods-fall-flat-against-epstein-uproar-2025-07-26/.

417. Solcyré Burga, “Kash Patel Faced Days of Questions About the Epstein Files. Here's What He Said,” Time, Sep 18, 2025, https://time.com/7318104/kash-patel-epstein-trump-files/; Michael Koziol, “FBI Director Refuses to Answer Key Trump-Epstein Question Seven Times,” Sydney Morning Herald, September 18, 2025, https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/fbi-director-refuses-to-answer-key-trump-epstein-question-seven-times-20250918-p5mvys.html.

418. “Kash Patel Distances Himself from Trump's Jan. 6 Pardons at FBI Director Confirmation Hearing,” CNBC-TV18. September 29, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjOZi54dllc.

419. The Status Kuo, “Pam Bondi Is a Piece of Work,” Substack, July 24, 2025, https://statuskuo.substack.com/p/pam-bondi-is-a-piece-of-work.

420. This happened during a nurse’s strike in Israel in 2012. I watched the press conference as Netanyahu repeatedly pivoted to Iran when asked about the healthcare system. It was one of my first experiences paying close attention to this dynamic, and I was surprised that nobody else seemed to notice. That is how deeply Netanyahu has impacted the culture, to the extent that it seems perfectly normal for him to practically scream “Iran! Existential threat!” at anything that he doesn’t want to be confronted. His narrative has become ingrained into the culture rather than being labeled as a toxic tactic.

I scoured the internet for some kind of record of this exchange, but I could not find one. My only record, it seems, is inside my brain. That feels inadequate to me, and as a researcher, I am tempted to delete this from my book. Nevertheless, I decided to keep the story in anyway, without a proper citation, and let you readers decide for yourselves whether my recollection is credible. My sense is that my memory is probably validated by the fact that the dynamic has been replicated by Netanyahu many times since then – to the extent that there are theories floating around that he initiated the 2025-6 wars with Iran in order to avoid having to confront uncomfortable things like accountability for October 7 and his corruption trials, as I write about in this text.

That said, I do not want to encourage that kind of reliance on confirmation bias. So I leave you with my memory of watching this press conference of the nurse’s strike, for what that’s worth, and do with it what you will. Mostly I use this story as an example of witnessing how entrenched toxic tactics are in our cultures, and how challenging it can be to get people to talk about the toxicity while they/we are being sucked into it. This right here is my primary motivation for writing this book.

421. Freddie Clayton, “Netanyahu Seeks Pardon in Corruption Trial from Israel’s President after Getting Trump’s Backing,” NBC News, https://www.nbcnews.com/world/israel/netanyahu-seeks-pardon-corruption-charges-israel-trump-backing-rcna246527.

422. Shanto Iyengar and Donald R. Kinder, News That Matters: Television and American Opinion, updated ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 63–75.

423. Jack S. Levy, “The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique,” in Handbook of War Studies, ed. Manus I. Midlarsky (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 259–88; see also Yair Rosenberg, “Netanyahu’s Very Useful War,” Atlantic, March 11, 2026, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/2026/03/netanyahu-iran-war/686323/,

424. Yossi Mekelberg, “Netanyahu’s Biggest Gamble,” Chatham House, March 3, 2026; Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2026/03/netanyahus-biggest-gamble.

425. Steven Stosny, Love Without Hurt: Turn Your Resentful, Angry, or Emotionally Abusive Relationship into a Compassionate One (New York: Da Capo Press, 2007).

426. Shahida Arabi, “20 Diversion Tactics Highly Manipulative Narcissists, Sociopaths and Psychopaths Use to Silence You,” Thought Catalog, October 5, 2018, https://thoughtcatalog.com/shahida-arabi/2016/06/20-diversion-tactics-highly-manipulative-narcissists-sociopaths-and-psychopaths-use-to-silence-you/.

427. Soroush Vosoughi et al., “The Spread of True and False Online.”

428. John Avlon, “Trump’s Absurd Projection Reveals His Anxiety,” CNN, September 24, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/24/opinions/trumps-absurd-projection-reveals-his-anxiety-avlon.

429. Josh Dolin, “The Psychology and Politics of Projection,” Medium, 2023, https://medium.com/a-different-perspective/the-psychology-and-politics-of-projection-25cf92b7d320.

430. Hubbard C. Goodrich, “Donald Trump’s Projections,” Portland Press Herald, May 9, 2024, https://www.pressherald.com/2024/05/09/hubbard-c-goodrich-donald-trumps-projections/.

431. Jarrett Mason, “Trump Accuses Democrats of Using Justice System as Political Weapon,” Reuters, May 12, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-says-democrats-use-justice-system-political-weapon-2024-05-12/.

432. Fallows, "Why Does Trump Project.”

433. Michael S. Schmidt and Maggie Haberman, “Trump Says the Justice System Has Been Weaponized. He Would Know.” New York Times, March 29, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/29/us/politics/trump-justice-system-weaponized.html.

434. Kenneth L. Marcus, “Accusation in a Mirror,” Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 43, no. 2 (2012): 357–93, https://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj/vol43/iss2/5/; Susan Benesch, Countering Dangerous Speech: New Ideas for Genocide Prevention, Dangerous Speech Project, February 12, 2014, 2–3, https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20140212-benesch-countering-dangerous-speech.pdf.

435. I realize that this title is getting a little worn out. Trump has been called the Liar-in-Chief, the Bully-in-Chief, the Name-Caller-in-Chief, the Most Sarcastic President Ever. And now the Projector-in-Chief. People who have been noticing and studying these tactics have been overwhelmed by the sheer volume of Trump’s usage of each one of these tactics. I understand why. There are, indeed, so many tactics that Trump has blasted into our culture in unprecedented and shocking numbers. It feels like it can’t possibly all be true. But it is. Each of these monikers is an accurate description, mind-boggling as it seems. (And we’re only on #20. Wait, there’s more.)

436. Paul Siegel, “The Projector in Chief,” Psychology Today, July 29, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/freud-lives/201807/the-projector-in-chief; Elsa Ronningstam, “Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Current Review,” Current Psychiatry Reports 12, no. 1 (2010): 68–75, DOI:10.1007/s11920-009-0084-z.

437. James Fallows, “Why Does Trump ‘Project’ So Much? A Hypothesis,” Atlantic, October 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/10/why-does-trump-project-so-much-a-hypothesis/623026/.

438. Dan P. McAdams, “The Mass Psychology of Trumpism,” New Lines Magazine, February 21, 2024, https://newlinesmag.com/argument/the-mass-psychology-of-trumpism/.

439. Fallows, “Why Does Trump ‘Project’ So Much? A Hypothesis.”

440. Linda Martinez-Lewi, “Narcissists’ Projections Are Psychologically Abusive,” The Narcissist in Your Life, November 2012, https://thenarcissistinyourlife.com/narcissists-projections-are-psychologically-abusive/.

441. C. Bell and G. Senécal, “Projection as a Political Weapon,” The Analytic Room, 2020, https://analytic-room.com/essays/projection-as-a-political-weapon-chris-bell-gary-senecal/.

442. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Hearing on the Nomination of Brett M. Kavanaugh to Be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, September 27, 2018 (Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office) https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115shrg32765/pdf/CHRG-115shrg32765.pdf.

443. Jack Healy and Farah Stockman, “A Nation Transfixed as Emotional Testimony in Kavanaugh Hearing Unfolds,” New York Times, September 27, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/27/us/reaction-to-kavanaugh-hearing.html.

444. Vladimir Putin accused Western countries of practicing “direct censorship” against Russian media and “persecuting” Russian journalists. See, “Putin Accuses West of Persecuting Russian Journalists,” Reuters, September 2, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-accuses-west-persecuting-russian-journalists-2024-09-02/. On the “real censors” inversion, see Robert Corn-Revere, The Mind of the Censor and the Eye of the Beholder: The First Amendment and the Censor’s Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), chap. 9; Stephen Rohde, “What Makes Censors Tick?” Los Angeles Review of Books, June 14, 2022, https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/what-makes-censors-tick.

445. Jair Bolsonaro blamed NGOs, without evidence, for Amazon fires, saying that “everything indicates” NGOs were going to the Amazon to “set fire” to the forest; see Anthony Boadle and Gabriel Stargardter, “Igniting Global Outrage, Brazil’s Bolsonaro Baselessly Blames NGOs for Amazon Fires,” Reuters, August 21, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/igniting-global-outrage-brazils-bolsonaro-baselessly-blames-ngos-for-amazon-fi-idUSKCN1VB1BR/; Jonathan Watts, “Jair Bolsonaro Claims NGOs Behind Amazon Forest Fire Surge – But Provides No Evidence,” Guardian, August 22, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/21/jair-bolsonaro-accuses-ngos-setting-fire-amazon-rainforest.

446. Lazar Berman, Sam Sokol, and TOI Staff, “On Eve of Court Testimony, Netanyahu Pans Legal System, Media in Heated Press Conference,” Times of Israel, December 10, 2024, https://www.timesofisrael.com/on-eve-of-court-testimony-netanyahu-pans-legal-system-media-in-heated-press-conference/; Kanishka Singh and Ismail Shakil, “Netanyahu Says War Against Iran May Take ‘Some Time,’ but Not Years,” Reuters, March 3, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-says-war-against-iran-may-take-some-time-not-years-2026-03-03/.

447. Associated Press, “Read Netanyahu’s Full Statement on Iran Attacks,” PBS NewsHour, February 28, 2026, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/read-netanyahus-full-statement-on-iran-attacks; Nayera Abdallah and Menna Alaaeldin, “How Many People Have Been Killed in the Iran War?” Reuters, March 3, 2026, updated April 10, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-many-people-have-been-killed-us-israel-war-iran-2026-04-07/; Parisa Hafezi et al., “Heaviest Day of Strikes Yet on Iran Despite Market Bets That War Will End Soon,” Reuters, March 10, 2026, updated March 11, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/iran-says-oil-blockade-will-continue-until-attacks-end-trump-threatens-hit-2026-03-10/.

448. White House, “Statement on President Trump’s Comprehensive Plan to End the Gaza Conflict,” January 16, 2026, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2026/01/statement-on-president-trumps-comprehensive-plan-to-end-the-gaza-conflict/; Associated Press, “Read Trump’s 20-Point Proposal to End the War in Gaza,” PBS NewsHour, September 29, 2025, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/read-trumps-20-point-proposal-to-end-the-war-in-gaza; Lee Keath, “The U.S. Plan for Gaza Won UN Backing. Carrying It Out Could Be Far More Difficult,” AP News, November 18, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/45c3a49cf3c135821a7c1722354b5b94; Reuters, “Trump’s Board of Peace Planning Pilot Humanitarian Zone in Gaza, Official Says,” Reuters, July 8, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/trumps-board-peace-planning-pilot-humanitarian-zone-gaza-official-says-2026-07-08/; Nidal Al-Mughrabi, “Hamas Dissolves Gaza Government, Israel Dismisses Move as ‘Stunt,’” July 6, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-dissolves-gaza-government-presses-progress-stalled-peace-plan-2026-07-06/; Reuters, “Post-War Plan Sees U.S. Administering Gaza for at Least a Decade,” Reuters, August 31, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/post-war-plan-sees-us-administering-gaza-least-decade-washington-post-2025-08-31/; Karen DeYoung and Cate Brown, “Gaza Postwar Plan Envisions ‘Voluntary’ Relocation of Entire Population,” Washington Post, September 2, 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/08/31/trump-gaza-plan-riviera-relocation/; “The GREAT* Trust,” Washington Post, August 29, 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/documents/f86dd56a-de7f-4943-af4a-84819111b727.pdf.

449. George Lakoff, Don’t Think of an Elephant (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2004).

450. Alice Herman, “‘Rule of the Lawless’: What Does the Authoritarian Playbook Look Like?” Guardian, July 13, 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/13/ruth-ben-ghiat-strongmen-book-authoritarian-playbook.

451. Harry Maryles, “Does She Understand? I Think She Does,” Jewish Link, October 7, 2014, https://jewishlink.news/does-she-understand-i-think-she-does/.

452. Simone Carter, “Trump Praises Jan. 6 Rioters as ‘Great Patriots,’” Newsweek, January 14, 2023, https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-praises-jan-6-rioters-great-patriots-1773808.

453. Rosie Gray. “Trump Defends White-Nationalist Protesters: ‘Some Very Fine People on Both Sides’” August 15, 2017, https://www.congress.gov/118/meeting/house/116973/documents/HHRG-118-ED00-20240417-SD006.pdf.

454. Amy B Wang and Katie Tarrant, “GOP Tries to Brand Anti-Trump ‘No Kings’ Protests as Un-American,” Washington Post, October 17, 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/10/17/no-kings-republicans-hate-america/; Nicholas Kerr, “Johnson Defends Calling Anti-Trump Protests ‘Hate America’ Rallies,” ABC News, October 19, 2025, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/johnson-defends-calling-anti-trump-protests-hate-america/story?id=12665820.

455. Donald J. Trump, “Remarks by President Trump in Meeting with Local and State Officials on School Safety,” February 22, 2018, Trump White House Archives, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-meeting-local-state-officials-school-safety/; Amanda Holpuch, “Trump Insists On Arming Teachers Despite Lack Of Evidence It Would Stop Shootings.” Guardian, February 22, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/22/donald-trump-insists-arming-teachers-guns-shootings; American Library Association, “Censorship by the Numbers,” accessed July 10, 2026, https://www.ala.org/bbooks/book-ban-data; Olivia Diaz, “ACLU Sues Defense Department School System over Banning Race- and Gender-Related Books,” Associated Press, April 16, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/aa2d306cafbbddf0c5c4ec8fb43174ea.

456. Harry G. Frankfurt, On Bullshit (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).

457. Ann Coulter, If Democrats Had Any Brains, They’d Be Republicans (New York: Crown Forum, 2007).

458. Rebecca Shapiro, “Whoopi Goldberg Explodes at Ann Coulter: ‘Tell Me What You Know About Being Black,’” Huffington Post, September 27, 2012, https://www.Huffpost.com/entry/whoopi-goldberg-ann-coulter-view-know-being-black_n_1919840.

459. JPost Staff, “Gov’t to Vote on Changing Name of Israel-Hamas War to ‘War of Revival,’” Jerusalem Post, October 17, 2025, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-870798.

460. @rozolyo, post on X, https://x.com/rozolyo/status/1959165634983469169?s=46.

461. Jennifer J. Freyd, “Violations of Power, Adaptive Blindness and Betrayal Trauma Theory,” Feminism & Psychology 7, no. 1 (1997): 29, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353597071004.

462. George Lakoff, The Political Mind (New York: Penguin, 2008).

463. Engel, The Emotionally Abusive Relationship.

464. Simon, In Sheep’s Clothing.

465. Simon, In Sheep’s Clothing.

466. Qassam Muaddi, “Netanyahu’s Latest Strategy to Avoid a Ceasefire, Explained,” Mondoweiss, August 21, 2024, https://mondoweiss.net/2024/08/netanyahus-latest-strategy-to-avoid-a-ceasefire-explained/; “The Problem Is Not Antisemitism, It’s Bibi,” Times of Israel Blogs, 2025, https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-problem-is-not-antisemitism-its-bibi/.

467. Arabi, “20 Diversion Tactics.”

468. Amy Launder, “Methods of Narcissistic Abuse,” May 16, 2025, https://www.amylaunder.com/articles/methods-of-narcissistic-abuse.

469. “Moving the Goalposts,” Logically Fallacious, https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Moving-the-Goalposts.

470. Ari Hawkins. “Trump Team Moves Goalposts on Tariffs Again.” Politico, July 6, 2025, https://www.politico.com/news/2025/07/06/bessent-trump-tariffs-deadline-august-00440522.

471. Hill and Mueller, “Trump Tariffs Deadline Moves.”

472. David Frum, “The Ultimate Bait and Switch of Trump’s Tariffs,” Atlantic, May 12, 2025, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2025/05/trump-trade-war-scam/682780/.

473. Paul Wiseman, “Trump’s Tariff Blitz Produces Few Trade Deals but Lots of Uncertainty,” PBS NewsHour, July 9, 2025, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trumps-tariff-blitz-produces-few-trade-deals-but-lots-of-uncertainty.

474. Daniel White, “Read a Transcript of the Final Presidential Debate,” Time, October 19, 2016, https://time.com/4535247/presidential-debate-final-transcript/.

475. Josh Boak, “AP Fact Check: Trump Imagines 6 Percent Growth,” December 6, 2017, https://apnews.com/article/north-america-donald-trump-ap-top-news-politics-economic-growth-e76a88c4f146471aa156506f43a91bec.

476. John Cassidy, “Donald Trump’s Great Bait and Switch,” New Yorker, November 14, 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trumps-great-bait-and-switch.

477. Frum, “The Bait-and-Switch Presidency.”

478. Lauren Gardner, Alice Miranda Ollstein, and David Lim, “Trump Unveils IVF Policies without Funding or Mandates,” Politico, October 16, 2025, https://www.politico.com/news/2025/10/16/trump-unveils-ivf-policies-but-no-new-funding-or-coverage-requirements-00612266; Liz Essley Whyte and Natalie Andrews, “Trump Strikes Deal for Cheaper IVF Drugs,” Wall Street Journal, October 16, 2025, https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/trump-ivf-drugs-emd-serono-trumprx-dbea5cb7; Nik, Popli. “Trump Unveils Plan to Expand Access to 'Fertility Insurance' and IVF Drugs.” Time, October 17, 2025, https://time.com/7326338/trump-ivf-fertility-insurance/.

479. Simon, In Sheep’s Clothing.

480. Shahida Arabi, Becoming the Narcissist’s Nightmare: How to Devalue and Discard the Narcissist While Supplying Yourself (Thought Catalog Books, 2020).

481. Robin Stern, The Gaslight Effect: How to Spot and Survive the Hidden Manipulation Others Use to Control Your Life (New York: Harmony Books, 2018).

482. Martin E. P. Seligman, “Learned Helplessness,” Annual Review of Medicine 23 (1972): 407–12, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.me.23.020172.002203; Steven F. Maier and Martin E. P. Seligman, “Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights from Neuroscience,” Psychological Review 123, no. 4 (2016): 349–67, https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000033; Lenore E. Walker, “Battered Women and Learned Helplessness,” Victimology 2, no. 3–4 (1978): 525–34; Evan Stark, Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007); Donald G. Dutton and Susan L. Painter, “Emotional Attachments in Abusive Relationships: A Test of Traumatic Bonding Theory,” Violence and Victims 8, no. 2 (1993): 105–20, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8193053/.

483. Yesica Fisch and Tia Goldenberg, “Gaza-Bound Aid Boat with Greta Thunberg on Board Arrives in Israel After Its Seizure,” Associated Press, June 9, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/mideast-wars-gaza-flotilla-greta-thunberg-b64e897fb37ee374e4494381304ff9be; Oren Ziv, “Trolling the Madleen Reveals Depths of the Israeli Media’s Delusion,” +972 Magazine, June 11, 2025, https://www.972mag.com/trolling-the-madleen-reveals-israeli-medias-delusion/; JPost Staff. “Sandwich of Champions: Memes of Greta Thunberg Receiving Challah Sandwich Brings Israeli nostalgia.” Jerusalem Post, June 10, 2025, https://www.jpost.com/omg/article-857231; “‘It Was Wrapped in Plastic’: Greta Thunberg Trolled for Sandwich Photo Amid Kidnap Claims. What Is the Truth?” Times of India, June 10, 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/it-was-wrapped-in-plastic-greta-thunberg-trolled-for-sandwich-photo-amid-kidnap-claims-what-is-the-truth/articleshow/121730703.cms.

484. Bensinger and Smart, “The Debate Style That Propelled Charlie Kirk’s Movement.”

485. Brad Plumer, “We Fact-Checked President Trump’s Dubious Claims on the Perils of Wind Power,” New York Times, April 3, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/03/climate/fact-check-trump-windmills.html.

486. Olivia Reingold and Tanya Lukyanova, “They Became Symbols for Gazan Starvation. But All 12 Suffer from Other Health Problems,” The Free Press, August 18, 2025, https://www.thefp.com/p/they-became-symbols-for-gazan-starvation

487. Jeremy Konyndyk, “Seven Common Tropes Used to Deny Gaza’s Famine, Debunked by an Expert,” Telegraph, August 26, 2025 https://www.refugeesinternational.org/seven-common-tropes-used-to-deny-gazas-famine-debunked-by-an-expert/.

488. Thomas Gilovich et al., “The Spotlight Effect in Social Judgment: An Egocentric Bias in Estimates of the Salience of One’s Own Actions and Appearance,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78, no. 2 (2000): 211–22, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.211.

489. Rosie Gray, “Trump Defends White-Nationalist Protesters: ‘Some Very Fine People on Both Sides,’” August 15, 2017, https://www.congress.gov/118/meeting/house/116973/documents/HHRG-118-ED00-20240417-SD006.pdf.

490. Matt Gaetz, remarks before the House of Representatives, January 13, 2021, Congressional Record 167, no. 8 (January 13, 2021): H165, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2021-01-13/pdf/CREC-2021-01-13-pt1-PgH165.pdf; Julie Watson, “Comparison between Capitol Siege, BLM Protests Is Denounced,” Associated Press, January 14, 2021, republished by KSAT, https://www.ksat.com/news/politics/2021/01/14/comparison-between-capitol-siege-blm-protests-is-denounced/.

491. Amy Sherman, “Rep. Andrew Clyde’s Ridiculous Claim That Jan. 6 Resembled a ‘Normal Tourist Visit,’” PolitiFact, May 13, 2021, https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2021/may/13/andrew-clyde/ridiculous-claim-those-capitol-jan-6-resembled-nor/.

492. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986).

493. Stern, The Gaslight Effect.

494. Arabi, Becoming the Narcissist’s Nightmare.

495. Neil Vigdor, “Journalists at 3 Newspapers Quit over Edits to a Charlie Kirk Story,” New York Times, October 3, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/03/us/politics/alaska-newspapers-resignations-charlie-kirk.html.

496. Eissenstat, Everett, Ludmilla Kasulke and Anna Baramidze. "What Lies Ahead for Tariffs on 'Liberation Day'?" Reuters, March 28, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/what-lies-ahead-tariffs-liberation-day-2025-03-28/.

497. Tim Reid, Alexandra Alper and Nathan Layne “100 Days of DOGE: Lots of Chaos, Not So Much Efficiency,” Reuters, April 24, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/100-days-doge-lots-chaos-not-so-much-efficiency-2025-04-24/.

498. Joseph Krauss, “In their Own Words: Israeli Leaders Support Mass Relocation of Palestinians from Gaza,” Associated Press, August 2025, quoting Netanyahu on “voluntary migration,” https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-gaza-resettlement-migration-trump-netanyahu-53cd2eb252a5d304006872c63772eee2.

499. Stephen Robinson, “Sanewashing and the Damage Done.” Public Notice, September 10, 2024, https://www.publicnotice.co/p/trump-sanewashing-2024-campaign-nyt-cnn.

500. Catherine Kim, “Politics Is Breaking Us — Just Ask These Therapists,” Politico Magazine, May 15, 2026, https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2026/05/15/political-anxiety-therapists-prescriptions-democracy-00920989.

501. Gail Sheehy, “America’s Therapists Are Worried About Trump’s Effect on Your Mental Health,” Politico Magazine, October 10, 2016, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/10/donald-trump-2016-therapists-214333/.

502. Eeva Sointu and Daniel W. Hill, “Trump Therapy: Personal Identity, Political Trauma and the Contradictions of Therapeutic Practice,” European Journal of Cultural Studies 25, no. 3 (2022): 880–96, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367549420980007.

503. Barry A. Farber, “‘Clowns to the Left of Me, Jokers to the Right’: Politics and Psychotherapy, 2018,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 74, no. 5 (2018): 714–21, https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22600.

504. Dalton L. Conley, “The Impact of Structural Stigma and Other Factors on State Mental Health Legislative Outcomes during the Trump Administration,” Stigma and Health 6, no. 4 (2021): 476–86, https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000331.

505. Cynthia Baum-Baicker, “Not Fake News: Toxic Consequences of the Trump Stress Effect,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 60, no. 6 (2020): 730–46, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022167820911757.

506. Shelby Crosier, “Mental Health During a Presidential Transition,” Emory SPH News, 2021, https://sph.emory.edu/news/mental-health-during-presidential-transition.

507. For an interesting analysis of the various ways to interpret “gaslighting” based on the movie, see Nora Gilbert, “The Lost Ending of ‘Gaslight’ That You Didn’t Know You Needed,” Public Books, October 28, 2025, https://www.publicbooks.org/the-lost-ending-of-gaslight-that-you-didnt-know-you-needed/.

508. G. Alex Sinha, “Lies, Gaslighting and Propaganda,” Buffalo Law Review 68, no. 4 (2020): 1037–1116, https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/buffalolawreview/vol68/iss4/3.

509. Paige Sweet, “The Sociology of Gaslighting,” American Sociological Review 84, no. 5 (2019): 851–75, https://www.asanet.org/wp-content/uploads/attach/journals/oct19asrfeature.pdf.

510. Emily Clark, “Donald Trump Made MAGA a Promise on the Epstein Files. They Are Holding Him to It,” ABC News, July 18, 2025, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-07-18/donald-trump-maga-demand-release-of-epstein-fles/105538654; Bernd Debusmann Jr., “US Justice Department Finds No Epstein ‘Client List,’” BBC News, July 8, 2025, https://www.BBC.com/news/articles/cm2m879neljo; Aaron Blake, “Timeline Suggests Trump Team Changed Its Tune on Epstein Files After Trump Was Told He Was in Them,” CNN, July 24, 2025, https://edition.CNN.com/2025/07/24/politics/trump-epstein-files-pivot-timeline; Ryan Lucas, “The FBI Says There Is No Epstein List—Angering Much of President Trump’s Base,” NPR, July 18, 2025; “Trump Says Biden and Obama ‘Made Up’ the Epstein Files,” YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kT2UCEOPSLc.

511. YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/shorts/ohPJk8Ukbpo.

512. Smith, David. “Sean Spicer Defends Inauguration Claim: 'Sometimes We Can Disagree with Facts'.” Guardian, January 21, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/23/sean-spicer-white-house-press-briefing-inauguration-alternative-facts.

513. Peter Wehner, “Trump Is Gaslighting Us,” Atlantic, April 6, 2025, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2025/04/signalgate-trump-administration-messaging/682308/.

514. Chris Doyle, “Gaza Ceasefire: This Is Not a ‘New Dawn’. The War Is Not Over,” Middle East Eye, October 16, 2025, https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/gaza-ceasefire-not-new-dawn-war-not-over; Belvedere, “Trump says he trusts China’s Xi on coronavirus”.

515. Aurora Donzelli, “On Metapragmatic Gaslighting: Truth and Trump’s Epistemic Tactics in a Plague Year,” Signs and Society 11, no. 2 (2023): 173–200, https://doi.org/10.1086/724084.

516. Elana Sztokman, “Bennett Responds Like an Abuser—with Gaslighting, Not Compassion,” Jewish Independent, May 3, 2024, https://thejewishindependent.com.au/bennett-responds-like-an-abuser-with-gaslighting-not-compassion-2.

517. “2025 Address of the President of the United States Donald J. Trump to the Knesset Plenum”, October 13, 2025 https://m.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/Documents/SpeechPdf/trump.pdf; Chad de Guzman and Miranda Jeyaretnam, “‘Dawn of a New Middle East’: Trump Addresses Israeli Parliament,” Time, October 13, 2025 https://time.com/7325314/trump-israel-knesset-speech-hamas-cease-fire-gaza-war-hostages/ ; William Christou, “Israel Will Disarm Hamas and Demilitarise Gaza,” Guardian, October 20, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/20/israel-will-disarm-hamas-and-demilitarise-gaza-says-netanyahu.

518. Martinez-Lewi, “Narcissists’ Projections.”

519. Engel, The Emotionally Abusive Relationship.

520. Simon, In Sheep’s Clothing.

521. Natascha Rietdijk, “Post-truth Politics and Collective Gaslighting,” Episteme 21, no. 1 (2024): 229–45, https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2021.24

522. Tommaso Shane et al., “The Rise of ‘Gaslighting’: Debates about Disinformation on Twitter and 4chan, and the Possibility of a ‘Good Echo Chamber,’” Popular Communication 20, no. 3 (2022): 178–92, https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2022.2044042.

523. Loveday Morris and Hazem Balousha, “Israelis Kill More Than 50 Palestinians in Gaza Protests, Health Officials Say,” Washington Post, May 14, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/gaza-protests-take-off-ahead-of-new-us-embassy-inauguration-in-jerusalem/2018/05/14/eb6396ae-56e4-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html.

524. Bill Chappell, “55 Palestinian Protesters Killed, Gaza Officials Say, as U.S. Opens Jerusalem Embassy,” NPR, May 14, 2018, https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/14/610934534/18-palestinian-protesters-die-gaza-officials-say-as-u-s-opens-jerusalem-embassy.

525. Jennifer Jacobs and Toluse Olorunnipa, “President Trump Clashes with CNN’s Jim Acosta, Other Journalists at Fiery Press Conference,” Time, November 7, 2018, https://time.com/5448101/trump-clashes-acosta-journalists-press-conference/.

526. Claire Wardle, Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2018). https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html.

527. Katie Rogers, “Protesters Dispersed with Tear Gas so Trump Could Pose at Church,” New York Times, June 1, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/us/politics/trump-st-johns-church-bible.html.

528. Katie Rogers, “Trump Pointedly Criticizes Fauci for His Testimony to Congress,” New York Times, May 13, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/us/politics/fauci-trump-coronavirus.html.

529. Jamieson and Cappella, Echo Chamber; Yochai Benkler, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts, Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).

530. Lee McIntyre, Post-Truth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018), 11–22.

531. Cameron S. Traberg, Trisha Harjani, Jon Roozenbeek, et al., “The Persuasive Effects of Social Cues and Source Effects on Misinformation Susceptibility,” Scientific Reports 14 (2024): 4205, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378340217_The_persuasive_effects_of_social_cues_and_source_effects_on_misinformation_susceptibility.

532. Whitney Phillips, The Oxygen of Amplification: Better Practices for Reporting on Extremists, Antagonists, and Manipulators Online (Data & Society Research Institute, 2018).

533. Jan Wolfe, “Actors Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Face Off Again in U.S. Libel Trial,” Reuters, April 11, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/actors-johnny-depp-amber-heard-face-off-again-us-libel-trial-2022-04-11/.

534. Dustin Rowles, “Johnny Depp’s Case against Amber Heard Was Textbook DARVO,” Pajiba, June 2, 2022, https://www.pajiba.com/celebrities_are_better_than_you/johnny-depps-case-against-amber-heard-was-textbook-darvo.php; Jessica Winter, “The Johnny Depp–Amber Heard Verdict Is Chilling,” New Yorker, June 2, 2022, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-depp-heard-verdict-is-chilling; Emma Nolan, “Depp v. Heard: How to Tell Who’s Engaging in DARVO Tactics,” Newsweek, May 27, 2022, https://www.newsweek.com/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-darvo-tactics-1710797.

535. Sissela Bok, Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life (New York: Pantheon, 1978); Stanley Cohen, States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001).

536. Sarah J. Harsey and Jennifer J. Freyd, “Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender: What Is the Influence on Perceived Perpetrator and Victim Credibility?” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 29, no. 8 (2020): 897–916 DOI:10.1080/10926771.2020.1774695 ; Jennifer J. Freyd, “What is DARVO,” https://www.jjfreyd.com/darvo.

537. Madison Pauly, “She Said, He Sued,” Mother Jones, March–April 2020, https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2020/02/metoo-me-too-defamation-libel-accuser-sexual-assault/.

538. Tyler Kingkade, “As More College Students Say ‘Me Too,’ Accused Men Are Suing for Defamation,” Buzzfeed News, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/tylerkingkade/as-more-college-students-say-me-too-accused-men-are-suing.

539. Irene Khan, Gender Justice and Freedom of Expression—Report of Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Opinion and Expression (United Nations, 2021), https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a76258-gender-justice-and-freedom-expression-report-special-rapporteur.

540. Elana Sztokman, “Why I Went to Cyprus to Support the Rape Victim,” Times of Israel, January 8, 2020, https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/why-i-went-to-cyprus-to-support-the-rape-victim/.

541. Caroline Lowbridge, “Ayia Napa: Woman Convicted of Gang Rape Lie Wins Appeal,” BBC, January 31, 2022, https://www.BBC.com/news/uk-england-derbyshire-60172176.

542. Sarah J. Harsey et al., “Perpetrator Responses to Victim Confrontation: DARVO and Victim Self-Blame,” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma 26, no. 6 (2017): 644–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1320777.

543. Harsey and Freyd, “Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender (DARVO),” 897–916.

544. Sarah J. Harsey and Jennifer J. Freyd, “Defamation and DARVO,” Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 23, no. 5 (2022): 481–89, https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2022.2111510.

545. Rebecca Traister, Good and Mad: The Revolutionary Power of Women’s Anger (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018).

546. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Hearing on the Nomination of Brett M. Kavanaugh, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., September 27, 2018; “Kavanaugh Hearing Transcript,” Washington Post, September 27, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/09/27/kavanaugh-hearing-transcript/.

547. Freyd, “DARVO”; See also Sarah J. Harsey et al., “Associations between Defensive Victim-Blaming Responses (DARVO), Rape Myth Acceptance, and Sexual Harassment,” PLOS One 19, no. 2 (2024): e0313642, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313642.

548. House Judiciary Committee, “Justice Department Oversight Hearing,” February 11, 2026, https://www.rev.com/transcripts/bondi-testimony-part-one; see also Sam Levine, “‘You’re a Washed-Up Loser Lawyer’: Pam Bondi Taunts Democrats over Epstein,” Guardian, February 11, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/feb/11/pam-bondi-democrats-epstein-hearing.

549. Curtis Yee, et al. “FBI Director Kash Patel clashes with Democrats at congressional hearing.” Associated Press, September 16, 2025, https://apnews.com/live/donald-trump-news-updates-9-16-2025.

550. Jeffrey M. Berry and Sarah Sobieraj, The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014); Jane Mayer, “The Making of the Fox News White House,” New Yorker, March 4, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/03/11/the-making-of-the-fox-news-white-house; Kelefa Sanneh, “What Roger Ailes Figured Out,” New Yorker, May 24, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/what-roger-ailes-figured-out.

551. Ryan Bort, “A Historian Dismantled Tucker Carlson, But Fox News Didn’t Broadcast It,” Rolling Stone, February 21, 2019, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/tucker-carlson-historian-clip-797129/.

552. Paul Farhi, “Rush Limbaugh Is Ailing. And So Is the Conservative Talk-Radio Industry,” Washington Post, February 9, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/rush-limbaugh-conservative-talk-radio/2021/02/09/97e03fd0-6264-11eb-9061-07abcc1f9229_story.html.

553. Alice Speri, “How Charlie Kirk Turned Campuses into Cultural Battlefields—and Ushered in Trump’s Assault on Universities,” Guardian, September 13, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/13/charlie-kirk-campus-culture-wars.

554. Patrick Shanley, “Kellyanne Conway Spars with Anderson Cooper over James Comey Firing,” Hollywood Reporter, May 10, 2017, https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/kellyanne-conway-spars-anderson-cooper-defending-james-comey-firing-1002051/.

555. Much thanks to Maayan Sharon for this insightful analysis.

556. Chris Wilson, “Donald Trump Interrupted Hillary Clinton and Lester Holt 55 Times in the First Presidential Debate,” Time, September 27, 2016, https://time.com/4509790/donald-trump-debate-interruptions/; Commission on Presidential Debates, “October 9, 2016 Debate Transcript,” October 9, 2016, https://www.debates.org/voter-education/debate-transcripts/october-9-2016-debate-transcript/; Sarah L. Kaufman, “Why Was Trump Lurking Behind Clinton? How Body Language Dominated the Debate,” Washington Post, October 10, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/10/10/why-was-trump-lurking-behind-clinton-how-body-language-dominated-the-debate/.

557. “Trump Refuses to Denounce White Supremacy in Chaotic Debate,” New York Times, September 29, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/09/29/us/presidential-debate-trump-biden.

558. Lauren Gambino, “Trump Plunges Presidential Debate into Chaos as He Repeatedly Talks over Biden,” Guardian, September 30, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/29/us-debate-trump-biden-latest-2020-presidential-news.

559. Tini Sartika, "Critical Discourse Analysis of Donald Trump’s and Joe Biden’s Language in Use in The 2020 United States Presidential Debates," In Proceedings International Conference on Education of Suryakancana, vol. 1, pp. 412-417. 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35194/cp.v0i0.1379 ; Petra Cahill, “Biden Tells Trump to ‘Shut Up,’ Calls Him ‘Racist,’ ‘Clown,’ Not ‘Presidential’,” NBC News, Sept 30, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/morning-briefing/clown-racist-you-re-not-smart-first-presidential-debate-devolves-n1241540 ; Ryan Saavedra, "Chris Wallace Faces Intense Backlash, Including From Colleagues, Over Bias During Debate," Daily Wire, Sep 29, 2020, https://www.dailywire.com/news/chris-wallace-faces-intense-backlash-including-from-colleagues-over-bias-during-debate; Hubert Au et al., “Social Media Junk News about the First US Presidential Debate,” COMPROP Weekly Misinformation Briefing, October 5, 2020, 3–4, https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2020/10/ComProp-Misinformation-Weekly-Briefing-05-10-2020.pdf.

560. Nicholas A. Valentino et al., “Election Night’s Alright for Fighting: The Role of Emotions in Political Participation,” Journal of Politics 73, no. 1 (2011): 156–70, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381610000939.

561. Benjamin Moffitt, The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016).

562. Alexandra Homolar and Georg Löfflmann, “Populism and the Affective Politics of Humiliation Narratives,” Global Studies Quarterly 1, no. 1 (2021): ksab002, https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksab002.

563. Ruth Wodak, The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean (London: Sage, 2015).

564. Christian Fuchs, Social Media: A Critical Introduction, 3rd ed. (London: Sage, 2021).

565. William J. Brady et al., “Emotion Shapes the Diffusion of Moralized Content in Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 28 (2017): 7313–18, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618923114.

566. Christopher A. Bail, Breaking the Social Media Prism: How to Make Our Platforms Less Polarizing (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021).

567. Sarah Sobieraj and Jeffrey M. Berry, “From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News,” Political Communication 28, no. 1 (2011): 19–41, https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.542360.

568. Evans, The Verbally Abusive Relationship.

569. Harriet Lerner, Why Won’t You Apologize? Healing Big Betrayals and Everyday Hurts (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017).

570. Freyd, “DARVO.”

571. Harsey et al., “Associations between Defensive Victim-Blaming Responses.”

572. Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?

573. Sobieraj, Sarah, and Jeffrey M. Berry. "From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News." Political Communication 28, no. 1 (2011): 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.542360.

574. Courtney E. Ahrens, “Being Silenced: The Impact of Negative Social Reactions on the Disclosure of Rape,” American Journal of Community Psychology 38, no. 3–4 (2006): 263–74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-006-9069-9.

575. Guillem Rico et al., “The Emotional Underpinnings of Populism: How Anger and Fear Affect Populist Attitudes,” Swiss Political Science Review 23, no. 4 (2017): 444–61, https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12261.

576. Shanto Iyengar et al., “Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization,” Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. 3 (2012): 405–31, https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038.

577. Nathan P. Kalmoe and Lilliana Mason, Radical American Partisanship: Mapping Violent Hostility, Its Causes, and the Consequences for Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022).

578. Jonah E. Bromich and Ben Protess, “Trump Guilty on All Counts in Hush-Money Case,” New York Times, May 30, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/05/30/nyregion/trump-trial-verdict; Politico Staff, “Trump: ‘I’m a Very Innocent Man,’” Politico, May 30, 2024, https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/05/30/trump-hush-money-criminal-trial/trump-remarks-after-the-verdict-00160819.

579. Simon, In Sheep’s Clothing.

580. Dana Milbank, “Trump Is Right—This Is a Witch Hunt,” Washington Post, March 18, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trump-is-right-this-is-a-witch-hunt/2019/03/18/a2487b14-49bf-11e9-b79a-961983b7e0cd_story.html.

581. Associated Press, “President Trump Tweets of ‘Witch Hunt’ Amid Ongoing Russia Investigation,” PBS NewsHour, June 15, 2017, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/president-trump-tweets-witch-hunt-amid-ongoing-russia-investigation.

582. Brennan Center, “In His Own Words: The President’s Attacks on the Courts,” July 22, 2018, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/his-own-words-presidents-attacks-courts.

583. Dylan Scott and Tara Isabella Burton, “‘Witch Hunt!’ The History of Donald Trump’s Favourite Phrase,” Vox, April 17, 2018, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/4/17/17235546/donald-trump-impeachment-witch-hunt-salem.

584. Erica Pandey, "Trump Mocks his Critics as Victims of “Trump Derangement Syndrome,” Axios, Jul 18, 2018, https://www.axios.com/2018/07/18/trump-tweet-derangement-syndrome-putin-helsinki-summit.

585. Dom Phillips, “Jair Bolsonaro Launches Assault on Amazon Rainforest Protections,” Guardian, January 2, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/02/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-amazon-rainforest-protections.

586. Katrin Bennhold and Carlotta Gall, “Turkish Defector Says He Was Ordered to Kill Politician in Austria,” New York Times, October 13, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/world/europe/turkey-austria-erdogan-assassin.html.

587. Tia Goldenberg, “Netanyahu Frequently Makes Claims of Antisemitism. Critics Say He’s Deflecting Blame,” PBS NewsHour, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/netanyahu-frequently-makes-claims-of-antisemitism-critics-say-hes-deflecting-blame.

588. Mark Weiss, “Netanyahu Calls ICC’s Arrest Warrants ‘a Modern-Day Dreyfus Affair'. Jerusalem Report, December 17, 2024, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-832674.

589. Peter Beaumont, “‘Reward for Terrorism’: Israeli Politicians Unite to Condemn ICC Arrest Warrant for Netanyahu,” Guardian, November 21, 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/law/2024/nov/21/israel-politicians-condemn-icc-arrest-warrants-netanyahu-gallant.

590. Ayelet Gundar-Goshen, “Netanyahu’s Dangerous Accusations of Antisemitism Against HBO Show Our Boys,” TIME, September 16, 2019, https://time.com/5678636/netanyahus-anti-semitism-our-boys/.

591. Elana Sztokman, In My Jewish State: How I Was Trained in Pro-Israel Advocacy and Learned to Talk Back to My Culture, Find My Own Humanity, and Fight for Peace (Lioness Books, 2025).

592. Ryan Cadry, “Crying Wolf on Antisemitism: A Zionist’s Case for Nuance,” Jewish Journal, December 4, 2024, https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/377435/crying-wolf-on-antisemitism-a-zionists-case-for-nuance/#:~:text=However%2C%20it%20is%20precisely%20because%20of%20this,combat%20actual%20anti%2DJewish%20hatred%20effectively.%20Here's%20why.

593. Sam Sokol. "In Knesset Speech, Trump Calls on Herzog to Pardon Netanyahu for Corruption Charges," Times of Israel, October 13, 2025. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/in-knesset-speech-trump-calls-on-herzog-to-pardon-netanyahu-for-corruption-charges/; Lazar Berman, “After Trump Insults, Herzog Decries PM’s Non-Response to ‘Attack’ on Israeli Sovereignty,” Times of Israel, March 13, 2026, https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-trump-insults-herzog-decries-pms-non-response-to-attack-on-israeli-sovereignty/.

594. Engel, The Emotionally Abusive Relationship.

595. Yoni Appelbaum, “‘I Alone Can Fix It,’” Atlantic, July 21, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/07/trump-rnc-speech-alone-fix-it/492557/.

596. Carol Leonnig and Philip Rucker, I Alone Can Fix It: Donald J. Trump’s Catastrophic Final Year (New York: Penguin Press, 2021).

597. Philip Bump and Aaron Blake, "Donald Trump’s Dark Speech to the Republican National Convention, Annotated," Washington Post, July 21, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/21/full-text-donald-trumps-prepared-remarks-accepting-the-republican-nomination/.

598. Emma Bowman, “In Fourth of July Remarks, Trump Attacks ‘Radical Left,’” NPR, July 4, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/07/04/887346956/in-fourth-of-july-remarks-trump-attacks-radical-left.

599. Farouk Chothia, “Is There a Genocide of White South Africans as Trump Claims?” BBC News, June 2, 2025, https://www.BBC.com/news/articles/c9wg5pg1xp5o.

600. Leonnig and Rucker, I Alone Can Fix It.

601. Takis S. Pappas, “Populists in Power,” Journal of Democracy 30, no. 2 (2019), https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/populists-in-power/.

602. Jan-Werner Müller, What Is Populism? (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016).

603. Arabi, Becoming the Narcissist’s Nightmare (Chapter 6 on Rescuer Abuse).

604. Edward Wong, Michael Crowley and Eric Schmitt, "How Trump Failed to Secure the Strait of Hormuz in His Iran Deal," New York Times, July 12, 2026 https://www.nytimes.com/2026/07/12/us/politics/trump-strait-of-hormuz-iran-deal.html.

605. Mimi Dwyer, “Senior U.S. Justice Officials Pushed Family Separations, Watchdog Finds,” Reuters, January 15, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/senior-us-justice-officials-pushed-family-separations-watchdog-finds-2021-01-14/; Gretchen Frazee, “What’s in Trump’s Executive Order on Family Separation?,” PBS NewsHour, June 21, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/whats-in-trumps-executive-order-on-family-separation.

606. Tim Cocks and Nellie Peyton, “A Check of Trump’s False Claims about White Genocide in South Africa,” Reuters, May 22, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-makes-false-claims-white-genocide-south-africa-during-ramaphosa-meeting-2025-05-21/; Mogomotsi Magome, “Trump Alleges ‘Genocide’ in South Africa. White Afrikaner Farmers Reject That,” Associated Press, May 20, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/c87264523d555a64c0588d8734bba83a; and Gerald Imray, “South Africa President Says Persecution of Whites a ‘False Narrative’ as Musk Repeats Genocide Claim,” Associated Press, March 24, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/fdef8e9d4d2186227f75b817d8e1d7eb.

607. Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?

608. Donald G. Dutton and Susan Painter, “Emotional Attachments in Abusive Relationships: A Test of Traumatic Bonding Theory,” Violence and Victims 8, no. 2 (1993): 105–120, https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.8.2.105.

609. This observation evokes some painful memories for me. When I was working for a multimillion-dollar foundation, the management announced one day that there would be salary cuts across the board (our salaries were barely above minimum wage at the time). When people complained, we were told that we were “ungrateful,” because the billionaire who opened the foundation was doing us all a favor and could have chosen not to do this work at all. It was impossible to argue with that. Yet, the experience of being subject to a random and impactful salary cut while being criticized for being ungrateful felt like a one-two gut punch. Since then, I have been reflexively suspicious of people telling others that they should be “grateful”.

610. Evan Stark, Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007); Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 133–36.

611. Levitsky and Ziblatt, How Democracies Die.

612. Arabi, Power.

613. “'Herstory': Hillary Clinton Accepts Democratic Presidential Nomination”, The Journal, July 29, 2016, https://www.thejournal.ie/hillary-clinton-democrat-2901256-Jul2016/.

614. Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, season 12, episode 6, “Branded,” directed by Peter Leto, written by Jonathan Greene, aired October 20, 2010, NBC; see also “Special Victims Unit: Branded,” IMDb, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1739581/; Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, season 12, episode 6, “Branded,” Channel 5, https://www.channel5.com/law-order-special-victims-unit/season-12/branded.

615. Elana Sztokman, “What Happens to Bad Guys after They Die? Sometimes, They Are Turned into Good Guys,” The Roar, June 1, 2022, https://elanasztokman.substack.com/p/what-happens-to-bad-guys-after-they; Elana Sztokman, “When High-Profile Sexual Predators Find High-Profile Support,” Forward, September 1, 2015, https://forward.com/life/320192/when-high-profile-sexual-predators-find-high-profile-support/; and Elana Sztokman, Facebook post, accessed March 11, 2026, https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1D31nfFAJ2/.

616. Santa Clara County Superior Court, People v. Brock Allen Turner, sentencing remarks of Judge Aaron Persky, June 2, 2016, transcript published in Sam Levin, “Stanford Sexual Assault: Read the Full Text of the Judge’s Controversial Decision,” Guardian, June 14, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/14/stanford-sexual-assault-read-sentence-judge-aaron-persky; “California Voters Recall Judge Who Sentenced Brock Turner to Six Months for Sex Assault,” PBS NewsHour, June 6, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/california-voters-recall-judge-who-sentenced-brock-turner-to-six-months-for-sex-assault.

617. Graham Bowley, “Bill Cosby, Once a Model of Fatherhood, Is Sentenced to Prison,” New York Times, September 25, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/25/arts/television/bill-cosby-prison-sentencing.html; “Phylicia Rashad on Bill Cosby’s Overturned Conviction: ‘A Terrible Wrong Is Being Righted,’” CBS, June 30, 2021, https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/phylicia-rashad-on-bill-cosbys-overturned-conviction-a-terrible-wrong-is-being-righted/.

618. Sarah Blustain, “Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach’s Shadow Side,” Lilith, Spring 1998, https://lilith.org/articles/rabbi-shlomo-carlebachs-shadow-side/; Maayan Jaffe-Hoffman, “Rising from the Ashes: Moshav Mevo Modi’im Marks One Year since Devastating Fire,” Jerusalem Post, May 8, 2020, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/moshav-mevo-modiim-marks-one-year-since-devastating-fire-627308; Elana Sztokman, When Rabbis Abuse: Power, Gender, and Status in the Dynamics of Sexual Abuse in Jewish Culture (Lioness Books and Media, 2022), 48, 132, 349–50.

619. Jill Filipovic, “The Problem With ‘Feminist’ Men,” New York Times, May 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/opinion/schneiderman-abuse-feminist-men.html.

620. Jane Mayer and Ronan Farrow, “Four Women Accuse New York’s Attorney General of Physical Abuse,” New Yorker, May 7, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/four-women-accuse-new-yorks-attorney-general-of-physical-abuse.

621. Filipovic, “The Problem With ‘Feminist’ Men.”

622. Filipovic, “The Problem With ‘Feminist’ Men”; Mayer and Farrow, “Four Women Accuse New York’s Attorney General.”

623. Sharon Weiss-Greenberg, statement posted to Facebook, April 13, 2022, reproduced on Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/569789229/Sharon-Weiss-Greenberg-Statement; Shayna Sragovicz, “Conversation with Elana Sztokman on JOFA and Abuse in the Jewish Community,” YouTube video, 1:36:43, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CW3sMEODkkE; Louis Keene, “Pioneering Orthodox Sex Therapist Accused of Harassment,” Forward, April 13, 2022, https://forward.com/news/490421/bat-sheva-marcus-jofa-sexual-harassment/; Andrew Lapin, “Sexual Harassment Allegations Rock Orthodox Jewish Feminist Group,” Times of Israel, April 14, 2022, https://www.timesofisrael.com/sexual-harassment-allegations-rock-orthodox-jewish-feminist-group/; and Philissa Cramer, “Orthodox Feminist Group Addressed Allegations against Sex-Guru Founder, Says Report,” Times of Israel, July 13, 2023., https://www.timesofisrael.com/orthodox-feminist-group-addressed-allegations-against-sex-guru-founder-says-report/.

624. Sztokman, When Rabbis Abuse.

625. Sztokman, When Rabbis Abuse, 132–34, 349–50.

626. Nicholas J. S. Day et al., “Pathological Narcissism: An Analysis of Interpersonal Dysfunction within Intimate Relationships,” Personality and Mental Health 16, no. 3 (2022): 204–16, https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1532; Donald G. Dutton and Susan Painter, “Emotional Attachments in Abusive Relationships; Günnur Karakurt and Kristin E. Silver, “Emotional Abuse in Intimate Relationships: The Role of Gender and Age,” Violence and Victims 28, no. 5 (2013): 804–21, https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00041.

627. Sztokman, In My Jewish State, 87–92; Benjamin Netanyahu, post on X, April 10, 2026, https://x.com/IsraeliPM/status/2042596981600596128.

628. Jancee Dunn, “3 Toxic Relationship Habits to Avoid,” New York Times, April 25, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/25/well/toxic-relationship-red-flag.html?searchResultPosition=10.

629. St. Clair McKelway, Gossip: The Life and Times of Walter Winchell. (New York: Viking Press, 1940). See also the book review in Time, “Books: Columny”, Sept. 23, 1940, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,802020,00.html

630. Rachael Healy, “‘The Outrageousness of What Louis C.K. Did Is Totally Lost: The Film About the Backlash Faced by His Accusers,” Guardian, March 12, 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2024/mar/12/louis-ck-sexual-misconduct-sorry-not-sorry-backlash; Dave Itzkoff, “Louis C.K. Responds to Accusation: ‘These Stories Are True’.” New York Times, November 10, 2017.

631. Daniel Kreps, “Kevin Spacey Apologizes, Comes Out after Actor Alleges Underage Advances,” Rolling Stone, October 30, 2017, https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/kevin-spacey-apologizes-comes-out-after-actor-alleges-underage-advances-196818/

632. James Franco, interview on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, CBS, January 9, 2018; Dave Itzkoff, “Women’s Accusations Follow James Franco After Golden Globes,” New York Times, Jan. 11, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/11/movies/james-franco-allegations.html.

633. Manne, Down Girl.

634. Deborah Tuerkheimer. Credible: Why We Doubt Accusers and Protect Abusers. (New York: Harper Collins, 2021.).

635. “Transcript: Second Presidential Debate,” New York Times, October 9, 2016, quoting Donald Trump: “I’ve never said I’m a perfect person,” https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/us/politics/transcript-second-debate.html; see also Mercieca, Demagogue for President.

636. Sebastian Murdock, “Donald Trump Says He Could ‘Shoot Somebody’ and Not Lose Voters,” Huffington Post, January 23, 2016, https://www.Huffpost.com/entry/trump-could-shoot-someone_n_56a3ccbbe4b076aadcc6da93.

637. Jennifer J. Freyd, Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).

638. Andrea Hollingsworth, “I Know, I’m the Worst! Don’t Be a Sméagol,” Hollingsworth Consulting, May 21, 2025, https://hollingsworthconsulting.com/i-know-im-the-worst-dont-be-a-smeagol/.

639. Alaina Demopoulos. “The Students Who Debated with Charlie Kirk: ‘His Goal Was to Verbally Defeat Us,’” Guardian, September 20, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/sep/20/charlie-kirk-debate-style; Edmond Davis, “How Charlie Kirk Mastered the Illusion of Stump Debates,” Baptist News Global, October 3, 2025, https://baptistnews.com/article/how-charlie-kirk-mastered-the-illusion-of-stump-debates/, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/sep/20/charlie-kirk-debate-style.

640. J. Dan Rothwell, “Ezra Klein Is Wrong; Charlie Kirk Engaged in Abusive Performative Propaganda, Not Rational Debate,” Daily Kos, September 12, 2025, https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2025/9/12/2343245/-Ezra-Klein-Is-Wrong-Charlie-Kirk-Engaged-in-Abusive-Performative-Propaganda-Not-Rational-Debate.

641. Rachel Rouse, “Recognizing Abusive Communication Patterns: What Charlie Kirk’s Death Revealed About How We Respond to Harm,” September 16, 2025, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/recognizing-abusive-communication-patterns-what-charlie-rachel-rouse-y5hic.

642. Chad de Guzman, “Memeification of Politics: What to Know About Jubilee Media’s viral debate show ‘Surrounded,’” Time, July 22, 2025, https://time.com/7304339/jubilee-media-surrounded-viral-debate-show-criticisms-mehdi-hasan-fascist/; Brady Brickner-Wood, “Nobody Wins on ‘Surrounded’,” New Yorker, August 8, 2025, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-lede/nobody-wins-on-surrounded; Judy Woodruff et al, “The Rise of Viral Debate Videos and Their Impact on Our Ability to Disagree,” PBS NewsHour, October 2025, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/the-rise-of-viral-debate-videos-and-their-impact-on-our-ability-to-disagree.

643. Je-Yeon Yun et al., “Verbal Abuse Related to Self-Esteem Damage and Unjust Blame Harms Mental Health and Social Interaction in College Population,” Scientific Reports 9 (2019): 5655, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42199-6.

644. Sobieraj and Berry, “From Incivility to Outrage”.

645. Steve Inskeep, “Breaking Down Donald Trump’s Rambling Linguistic Style,”

NPR, September 13, 2024, https://www.npr.org/2024/09/13/nx-s1-5107714/breaking-down-former-president-donald-trumps-rambling-linguistic-style.

646. Florida Women’s Law Group, “The Narcissist’s Word Salad,” https://www.floridawomenslawgroup.com/blog/the-narcissists-word-salad/.

647. Aaron Rupar and Thor Benson, “The ‘Cognitively Irresponsible’ Presidency,” Public Notice, February 7, 2025, https://www.publicnotice.co/p/jen-mercieca-trump-cognitively-irresponsible; Stephen Robinson, “Sanewashing and the Damage Done,” Public Notice, September 10, 2024, https://www.publicnotice.co/p/trump-sanewashing-2024-campaign-nyt-CNN; and Bill Barrow, “Inside ‘the Weave’: How Donald Trump’s Rhetoric Has Grown Darker and Windier,” Associated Press, October 30, 2024, https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-rally-rhetoric-weave-kamala-harris-a4ac05f3c67c80e8536c7ebe0e664866.

648. Jared Bernstein, “President Trump’s Wilted Word Salad on Helping Urban Communities,” Washington Post, February 17, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/02/17/trump-wilted-word-salad/.

649. Madeline Sherratt, “Trump Teased over Rambling ‘Word Salad’ at Rally as He Insists He Is ‘Cognitively Very Strong,’” Independent, September 24, 2024, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-rally-crowd-pennsylvania-media-b2617964.html; Shawn McCreesh, “Meandering? Off-Script? Trump Insists His ‘Weave’ Is Oratorical Genius.”, New York Times, Sept. 1, 2024 https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/01/us/elections/trump-speeches-weave.html

650. Associated Press. “Trump Zigzags Between Economic Remarks and Personal Insults at Rally in Critical Pennsylvania.” MPR News, August 17, 2024, https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/08/17/trump-is-on-tap-to-rally-pennsylvania-voters.

651. “Donald Trump on Trade and Tariffs,” C-SPAN, https://www.c-span.org/clip/campaign-2024/donald-trump-on-trade-and-tariffs/5121548.

652. Katie Reilly, “President Trump Boasted About His Accomplishments at the United Nations. The Audience Laughed,” Time, September 25, 2018, https://time.com/5405800/donald-trump-united-nations-speech-laughter/; “UN Laughs as Trump Boasts about Achievements,” BBC News, September 25, 2018; Robin Wright, “Trump’s Speech at the U.N. Triggers Laughter—and Disbelief,” New Yorker, September 25, 2018, https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/trumps-speech-at-the-un-triggers-laughterand-disbelief.

653. Chris McGreal, “Trump Rebrands His Ramblings as ‘I Do the Weave’—But Is He Just Losing It?” Guardian, September 7, 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/sep/07/election-trump-speeches.

654. Katy Waldman, “Trump’s Tower of Babble,” Slate, November 2, 2016, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/11/how-donald-trump-uses-language-and-why-we-cant-stop-listening.html.

655. James Slotta, “The Significance of Trump’s Incoherence,” in Language in the Trump Era, ed. Janet McIntosh and Norma Mendoza-Denton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 57.

656. Arabi, “20 Diversion Tactics.”

657. Jared Bernstein, “Wilted Word Salad.”

658. Economic Club of New York, “Remarks by Donald J. Trump,” September 5, 2024, https://www.econclubny.org/documents/10184/109144/20240905_Trump_Transcript.pdf.

659. Christopher Paul and Miriam Matthews, The Russian ‘Firehose of Falsehood’ Propaganda Model: Why It Might Work and Options to Counter It (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, Research Report RR-1297-OSD, 2016), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MD8fTs3_Ho.

660. Itamar Shatz, “Gish Gallop: When People Try to Win Debates by Using an Overwhelming Nonsense,” Effectiviology, https://effectiviology.com/gish-gallop/.

661. Stephen Robinson, “Sanewashing and the Damage Done,” Public Notice, September 10, 2024, https://www.publicnotice.co/p/trump-sanewashing-2024-campaign-nyt-CNN; Zachary B. Wolf, “Trump’s Rambling Answer to a Child Care Question, Deconstructed,” CNN, September 6, 2024, https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/06/politics/child-care-trump-what-matters.

662. Robert Draper, “Four Takeaways from the New York Times Profile of Marjorie Taylor Greene,” New York Times, December 29, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/29/magazine/marjorie-taylor-greene-interview-takeaways.html.

663. Peter Baker and Nicholas Fandos, “Show How You Feel, Kavanaugh Was Told, and a Nomination Was Saved,” New York Times, October 6, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/us/politics/kavanaugh-vote-confirmation-process.html.

664. Alice Miller, The Drama of the Gifted Child: The Search for the True Self (New York: Basic Books, 1997).

665. Simon, In Sheep’s Clothing.

666. Lerner, Why Won’t You Apologize?

667. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

668. Joost M. Leunissen et al., “Why Narcissists Are Unwilling to Apologize: The Role of Empathy and Guilt,” European Journal of Social Psychology 47, no. 6 (2017): 800–812 DOI:10.1002/per.2110.

669. Nancy McWilliams and Stephanie Lependorf, “Narcissistic Pathology of Everyday Life: The Denial of Remorse and Gratitude,” Contemporary Psychoanalysis 26, no. 3 (1990): 430–51, https://www.scribd.com/document/676332360/Narcissistic-Pathology-Of-Everyday-Life.

670. Ramani Durvasula, Should I Stay or Should I Go: Surviving a Relationship with a Narcissist (New York: Post Hill Press, 2015).

671. Lahav Harkov, “Bennett Channels Tel Aviv Hipster for ‘No Apologies’ Campaign Video,” Jerusalem Post, December 17, 2014 https://www.jpost.com/not-just-news/bennett-channels-tel-aviv-hipster-for-no-apologies-campaign-video-384939; TOI Staff, “Bearded Bennett Unapologetic,” Times of Israel, December 16, 2014, https://www.timesofisrael.com/bearded-bennett-unapologetic/; Lahav Harkov, “Standing by Our Values,” Jerusalem Post, December 18, 2014, https://www.jpost.com/not-just-news/bennett-channels-tel-aviv-hipster-for-no-apologies-campaign-video-384939.

672. B’Tselem, “Statistics on Demolitions of Palestinian Homes and Structures,” database; United Nations OCHA, “Gaza Strip Electricity Supply,” backgrounder on chronic power shortages and essential services; “Humanitarian Aid to Northern Gaza Mostly Blocked,” Associated Press, January 2025; Amnesty International, Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories 2023 Report, https://statistics.btselem.org/en/intro/demolitions.

673. Homolar and Löfflmann, “Populism and the Affective Politics of Humiliation Narratives.”

674. Thomas F. Pettigrew, “Social Psychological Perspectives on Trump Supporters,” Journal of Social and Political Psychology 5, no. 1 (2017): 107–16, https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i1.750.

675. Shahida Arabi, “12 of the Most Common Lies Sociopaths and Narcissists Tell, Translated into Truth,” Psych Central, September 5, 2018, https://blogs.psychcentral.com/recovering-narcissist/2018/09/12-of-the-most-common-lies-sociopaths-and-narcissists-tell-translated-into-truth/.

676. Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Müjde Peker et al., “Collective Narcissism Predicts Hypersensitivity to In-Group Insult and Direct and Indirect Retaliatory Intergroup Hostility,” European Journal of Personality 30, no. 6 (2016): 532–51, https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2067.

677. Engel, The Emotionally Abusive Relationship.

678. Herman, Trauma and Recovery.

679. Marc Fisher, “How Trump Retreats: Grudging Apologies, Plus a Wink and a Nod to the Original Insult,” Washington Post, July 17, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-trump-retreats-grudging-apologies-plus-a-wink-and-a-nod-to-the-original-insult/2018/07/17/ea7ac346-89f9-11e8-8aea-86e88ae760d8_story.html.

680. Lucy Pasha-Robinson, “Donald Trump Apology: Six Other Times the US President Should Have Said Sorry,” Independent, January 26, 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-apology-us-presidents-sorry-bill-clinton-monica-lewinsky-barack-obama-george-w-bush-a8179141.html.

681. Dan J. Stein et al., “The Impact of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Psychological Distress and Forgiveness in South Africa,” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43, no. 6 (2008): 462–68, DOI: 10.1007/s00127-008-0350-0

682. CAIN Archive, “Statement by David Cameron Following the Publication of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry,” June 15, 2010; Arts and Humanities Research Council, “Bloody Sunday,” 2011 case study, https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/pmo/dc150610.htm.

683. Richard von Weizsäcker, “Speech on the Fortieth Anniversary of the End of the War in Europe and of National Socialist Tyranny,” May 8, 1985, Office of the Federal President of Germany, https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Reden/2015/02/150202-RvW-Rede-8-Mai-1985-englisch.pdf?__blob=publicationFile; Australian Government, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, “Since 13 February 2008,” February 13, 2023, https://www.pmc.gov.au/news/13-february-2008; and Stephen Harper, “Statement of Apology to Former Students of Indian Residential Schools,” Government of Canada, June 11, 2008, https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2008/06/prime-minister-harper-offers-full-apology-behalf-canadians-indian-residential-schools-system.html.

684. Marjorie Ingall and Susan McCarthy, Sorry, Sorry, Sorry: The Case for Good Apologies (New York: Gallery Books, 2022).

685. Stern, The Gaslight Effect (revised edition, 2018).

686. Rocco Perla and James Carifio, “Psychological, Philosophical, and Educational Criticisms of Harry Frankfurt’s Concept of and Views about ‘Bullshit’ in Human Discourse, Discussions, and Exchanges,” Interchange 38, no. 2 (2007): 119–36, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10780-007-9019-y.

687. Franz Kafka, The Trial, trans. Breon Mitchell (New York: Schocken Books, 1998).

688. Sivan Hilai, “Drivers Protested Wages, Regev Replied: Calm Down, Drink Some Water,” Ynet, February 10, 2026, https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/ry2pwgyw11x#autoplay.

689. Janice R. Kuo et al., “The Who and What of Validation: An Experimental Examination of Validation and Invalidation of Specific Emotions and the Moderating Effect of Emotion Dysregulation,” Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 9 (2022): 15, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-022-00185-x; Lisanne S. Pauw et al., “May I Help You? The Relationship Between Interpersonal Emotion Regulation and Emotional and Relational Wellbeing in Daily Life,” Collabra: Psychology 10, no. 1 (2024): 90797, https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.90797.

690. “LIVE: First Presidential Debate Transcript, Fact Checked,” WABE, September 29, 2020, https://www.wabe.org/live-first-presidential-debate-transcript-fact-checked/.

691. “Six Takeaways from the First Biden-Trump Presidential Debate,” New York Times, June 27, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/06/27/us/biden-trump-debate.

692. Elena Becatoros, “Macron Urges Calm, Paris Police Prepare for More Violence,” Associated Press, December 14, 2018, https://apnews.com/article/7fc2ad5b931243a0aca9e56f4f0dc39b.

693. Cydney H. Dupree, “Words of a Leader: The Importance of Intersectionality for Understanding Women Leaders’ Use of Dominant Language and How Others Receive It,” Administrative Science Quarterly 69, no. 2 (2024): 271–323, https://doi.org/10.1177/00018392231223142; Victoria L. Brescoll and Eric Luis Uhlmann, “Can an Angry Woman Get Ahead? Status Conferral, Gender, and Expression of Emotion in the Workplace,” Psychological Science 19, no. 3 (2008): 268–75, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02079.x; and D. Motro et al., “Race and Reactions to Women’s Expressions of Anger at Work: Examining the Effects of the ‘Angry Black Woman’ Stereotype,” Journal of Applied Psychology 107, no. 1 (2022): 142–52, https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000884.

694. Lisa Lerer and Sydney Ember, “Kamala Harris’s Doubleheader: A Debate and Hearings with Sky-High Stakes,” New York Times, October 5, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/05/us/politics/kamala-harris-debate.html.

695. Cady Lang, “‘Mr. Vice President, I’m Speaking.’ What Research Says about Men Interrupting Women—and How to Stop It,” Time, October 9, 2020, https://time.com/5898144/men-interrupting-women/; Lorraine Ali, “Kamala Harris’ Sterling Debate Was for Every Woman Who’s Been Talked over by a Man,” Los Angeles Times, October 7, 2020, https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-10-07/vice-presidential-debate-kamala-harris-mike-pence-interruption; and Lauren Michele Jackson, “The Racial Politics of Kamala Harris’ Performance Style,” New Yorker, October 17, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/annals-of-appearances/the-racial-politics-of-kamala-harriss-performance-style.

696. Joshua Sargent, “‘Excuse Me, I’m Speaking’ Shirts, and Other Hot Merch from Wednesday’s VP Debate,” SFGATE, October 8, 2020, https://www.sfgate.com/shopping/article/Excuse-me-I-m-speaking-shirts-and-other-hot-15630923.php; and Joshua Sargent, “Where to Pick Out Biden/Harris Gear for the Home Stretch of the Election,” SFGATE, October 23, 2020, https://www.sfgate.com/shopping/article/Biden-Harris-shirts-accessories-election-2020-15670511.php.

697. Steven McIntosh, "Piers Morgan: From Meghan's 'Ghosting' to Good Morning Britain Exit," BBC, March 10, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-56326337.

698. Mark Sweney, “Piers Morgan Quits Good Morning Britain After Meghan Row,” Guardian, March 9, 2021 https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/mar/09/ofcom-investigating-gmb-piers-morgan-comments-harry-meghan-sussexes.

699. Rozina Sini, “Matt Damon Faces Backlash for Latest Sexual Harassment Comments,” BBC News, December 19, 2017, https://www.BBC.com/news/blogs-trending-42410104.

700. Dara Katz, “What Is Tone Policing? How to Spot It—and Why It’s So Harmful,” Pure Wow, August 1, 2025, https://www.purewow.com/wellness/what-is-tone-policing.

701. Deborah Tannen, The Argument Culture: Moving from Debate to Dialogue (New York: Random House, 1998).

702. Jessica L. Salerno and Liana C. Peter-Hagene, “The Interactive Effect of Anger and Disgust on Moral Outrage and Judgments,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 112, no. 4 (2017): 563–85; see also Madeline E. Heilman and Tyler G. Okimoto, “Why Are Women Penalized for Success at Male Tasks?,” Journal of Applied Psychology 92, no. 1 (2007): 81–92, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256085400_The_Interactive_Effect_of_Anger_and_Disgust_on_Moral_Outrage_and_Judgments.

703. Ryan Shepard, “Confronting Gender Bias, Finding a Voice: Hillary Clinton and the New Hampshire Crying Incident,” Argumentation and Advocacy 46, no. 1 (2009): 64, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028533.2009.11821717; Germaine Greer, “For Crying Out Loud,” Guardian, January 10, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/10/hillaryclinton.uselections2008; Patrick Healy, “Clinton Tears Up; Talks About Campaign Strains,” New York Times, January 7, 2008, https://archive.nytimes.com/thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/07/clinton-tears-up-talks-about-campaign-strains/.

704. John Blake, “Why Obama’s Tears Are So Revolutionary,” CNN, January 8, 2016; Michelle Ruiz, “Real Men Cry: Why President Obama’s Tears Matter,” Vogue, January 11, 2017 https://www.vogue.com/article/president-barack-obama-tears-farewell-address-chicago.

705. Stark, Coercive Control; Sweet, “Sociology of Gaslighting,” 851–75, https://www.asanet.org/wp-content/uploads/attach/journals/oct19asrfeature.pdf.

706. Jennifer J. Freyd, “Betrayal Trauma: Traumatic Amnesia as an Adaptive Response to Childhood Abuse,” Ethics & Behavior 4, no. 4 (1994): 307–29, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1.

707. David Welna, "Capitol Hill Reaction to Gun Mayhem Varies," NPR, December 19, 2012, https://www.npr.org/2012/12/19/167600161/capitol-hill-reaction-varies-to-gun-mayhem-varies.

708. Christopher Ingraham, “Why It’s Never ‘the Right Time’ to Discuss Gun Control,” Washington Post, July 27, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/07/27/why-its-never-the-right-time-to-discuss-gun-violence/; Reena Flores, “2016 Candidates React to Mass Shooting at Orlando Gay Club,” CBS News, updated June 13, 2016, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2016-candidates-react-to-orlando-night-club-shooting/; Meghan Keneally, “The Mix of Politicians Saying It’s Either Not the Time to Talk about Gun Control or It’s Past Time,” ABC News, February 16, 2018, https://abcnews.go.com/US/mix-politicians-time-talk-gun-control-past-time/story?id=53142010; Jason R. Silva, “Global Mass Shootings: Comparing the United States against Developed and Developing Countries,” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 47, no. 4 (2023): 317–40, https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2022.2052126.

709. See, for example, Kristin A. Goss, Disarmed: The Missing Movement for Gun Control in America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); Mercieca, Demagogue for President, on symbolic rhetoric and the management of public response.

710. For an example of this in practice, and to understand this dialectic between taking action versus passively waiting for God to do something, see this conversation between a former agunah and a rabbi’s wife at Torah.org: Rebbetzin Leah Kohn, “The Plight of an Agunah,” Torah.org, July 16, 2024, https://torah.org/learning/women-class39/.

711. Eric Cortellessa, “Read the Full Transcript of Benjamin Netanyahu’s Interview With TIME,” Time, August 8, 2024, https://time.com/7008852/benjamin-netanyahu-interview-transcript/; Jeremy Sharon, “Cabinet Rejects State Probe of Oct. 7; Said Set to Legislate ‘Special’ Commission Instead,” Times of Israel, May 5, 2025, https://www.timesofisrael.com/rejecting-state-probe-of-oct-7-cabinet-to-legislate-special-commission-instead/; Ariela Karmel, “Knesset Advances Controversial Bill for Politically Appointed Oct. 7 Probe in 1st Reading,” Times of Israel, July 7, 2026, https://www.timesofisrael.com/knesset-passes-controversial-politically-appointed-oct-7-probe-in-1st-reading/.

712. Maayan Lubell, “Court Cancels Israel PM Netanyahu’s Trial Hearings This Week,” Reuters, June 29, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/court-cancels-israel-pm-netanyahus-trial-hearings-this-week-2025-06-29/; Steven Scheer, “Netanyahu Requests Delay in His Corruption Trial Testimony,” Reuters, April 10, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-requests-delay-his-corruption-trial-testimony-2026-04-10/; Alexander Cornwell et al., “Israel’s Netanyahu Seeks Pardon in Years-Long Corruption Trial,” Reuters, November 30, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/netanyahu-officially-asks-israeli-president-pardon-2025-11-30/.

713. Rebecca Solnit, Men Explain Things to Me (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014).

714. Israel, Knesset, plenary transcript, July 7, 2014, debate on the proposed Prevention of Sexual Harassment Law (Amendment No. 12) (Shifting the Burden of Proof in a Retaliation Claim), 5774–2014.

715. Herman, Trauma and Recovery.

716. Joseph R. Biden Jr., “Inaugural Address,” January 20, 2021, The White House, https://case.house.gov/uploadedfiles/president_biden_inaugural_speech.pdf.

717. Joseph R. Biden Jr., “Remarks on the Atlanta Shootings,” March 19, 2021, The White House, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-202100239/pdf/DCPD-202100239.pdf.

718. David E. Sanger, “A Call for Unity to a Nation Facing a Pandemic and Division,” New York Times, January 20, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/biden-inauguration-coronavirus-economy-security.html.

719. Justine Lee, “How to Answer Joe Biden’s Call for Unity without Compromising Your Values,” USA Today, January 22, 2021, quoted in “Unity Without Compromising Your Values,” Living Room Conversations, January 27, 2021, https://livingroomconversations.org/weekly_update/unity-without-compromising-your-values/.

720. “‘There Can Be No Civil War’: Full Text of Netanyahu’s Announcement on Overhaul Pause,” Times of Israel, March 28, 2023, reproducing the Government Press Office translation of Benjamin Netanyahu’s March 27 address, https://www.timesofisrael.com/there-can-be-no-civil-war-full-text-of-netanyahus-announcement-on-overhaul-pause/.

721. Ari Rabinovitch, “Protests Rock Israel as It Passes Curbs on Some Supreme Court Powers,” Reuters, July 25, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-netanyahu-discharged-hospital-reuters-witness-says-2023-07-24/; Carrie Keller-Lynn, “Opposition Slams Netanyahu for Reportedly Casting Blame for Oct. 7 on IDF Reservists,” Times of Israel, November 6, 2023, https://www.timesofisrael.com/opposition-slams-netanyahu-for-reportedly-casting-blame-for-oct-7-on-idf-reservists/.

722. Emma Graham-Harrison, "‘Together We Will Win’: Israelis Fearful but Defiant in Face of Uncertainty," Guardian, 11 Oct 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/11/together-we-will-win-israelis-fearful-but-defiant-in-face-of-uncertainty.

723. Charlie Summers and Iddo Schejter, “Families Mourn Murdered Hostages before Memorial Day; Rallies Urge Deal; 3 Arrests,” Times of Israel, May 12, 2024, https://www.timesofisrael.com/police-arrest-3-protesters-in-tel-aviv-as-weekly-rallies-call-for-hostage-deal/; “Israeli Anti-Government Protesters Rally in Jerusalem,” Reuters, June 17, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-anti-government-protesters-rally-jerusalem-2024-06-17/; Emily Rose and Nidal Al-Mughrabi, “Massive Protests Hit Israel after Six Hostages Killed in Gaza,” Reuters, September 2, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-says-it-has-discovered-unidentified-bodies-gaza-2024-08-31/; Emily Rose, “Calls for Minister’s Firing Could Tip Israel into Constitutional Crisis,” Reuters, November 22, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/calls-ministers-firing-could-tip-israel-into-constitutional-crisis-2024-11-22/; and “High Court Says Ben Gvir Violating Ruling Not to Interfere with Policing of Protests,” Times of Israel, January 10, 2024, https://www.timesofisrael.com/high-court-says-ben-gvir-violating-ruling-not-to-interfere-with-policing-of-protests/.

724. Ruvik Rosenthal, “Together We Will Win: The Evolution of a Slogan, and a Tribute to a Unique Linguist”[Hebrew], November 22, 2024, https://www.ruvik.co.il/הטור-השבועי/2024/221124.aspx; and Emily Rose, “Calls for Minister’s Firing Could Tip Israel into Constitutional Crisis,” Reuters, November 22, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/calls-ministers-firing-could-tip-israel-into-constitutional-crisis-2024-11-22/.

725. Elana Sztokman, The Men’s Section: Orthodox Jewish Men in an Egalitarian World (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2011).

726. Tuerkheimer, Credible.

727. Ruti G. Teitel, Transitional Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Martha Minow, Between Vengeance and Forgiveness (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998).

728. John Paul Lederach, The Moral Imagination: The Art and Soul of Building Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

729. Herman, Trauma and Recovery.

730. Stacey A. Guthartz, “Domestic Violence and the Jewish Community,” Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 11 (2004): 27, https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjgl/vol11/iss1/2; Elana Sztokman, The War on Women in Israel (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2014).

731. Freyd, “Betrayal Trauma,” 307–29; Sweet, “Sociology of Gaslighting,” 851–75.

732. Frederick Schauer, “Fear, Risk and the First Amendment: Unraveling the ‘Chilling Effect,’” Boston University Law Review 58, no. 5 (1978): 685–732, https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/879.

733. Ty Tagami, “Georgia ‘Divisive Concepts’ Law Allegedly Why Cobb Put Teacher on Leave,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 23, 2023, https://www.ajc.com/education/georgias-divisive-concepts-law-allegedly-cause-for-cobb-teachers-leave/gt4tnalwuneu5planglbxje37y/; Jeff Amy, “Georgia School Board Fires Teacher for Reading a Book to Students about Gender Identity,” Associated Press, August 18, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/64f8428af86ed47bea093fba5167506a.

734. PEN America, “Normalization of Book Banning.”

735. "MAGA Extremism in Schools: Republican-Led States Are Banning Books, Not Guns," Center for American Progress, Sept 7. 2022, https://www.americanprogressaction.org/article/maga-extremism-in-schools-republican-led-states-are-banning-books-not-guns/.

736. Hillel Italie, “Stephen King Is the Most Banned Author in U.S. Schools, PEN Report Says,” Associated Press, October 1, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/stephen-king-pen-america-book-bans-6e55e4b48e0f1b6c2addc02e9baeaf79.

737. Jeffrey Adam Sachs, “Steep Rise in Gag Orders, Many Sloppily Drafted,” PEN America, January 24, 2022, https://pen.org/steep-rise-gag-orders-many-sloppily-drafted/.

738. Elizabeth A. Harris, “‘Rampant’ Book Bans Are Being Taken for Granted, Free Speech Group Warns,” New York Times, October 1, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/01/books/book-bans-pen-america.html.

739. PEN America, “The Normalization of Book Banning,” October 1, 2025, https://pen.org/report/the-normalization-of-book-banning/.

740. PEN America, “Index of School Book Bans, 2024–2025,” https://pen.org/book-bans/pen-america-index-of-school-book-bans-2024-2025/.

741. Carla K. Johnson, “Health Data Wiped from Federal Websites as Trump Officials Target ‘Gender Ideology’,” Associated Press, February 1, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/trump-gender-ideology-sex-pronouns-order-transgender-2d7e54837f5d0651ed0cefa5ea0d6301.

742. This indiscriminate frenzied deletion also had some absurd results, such as the removal of any reference to the Enola Gay, the aircraft that dropped the atomic bomb in World War II, because the word “Gay” was in its name.

743. Karen Yourish et al., “These Words Are Disappearing in the New Trump Administration,” New York Times, March 7, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/03/07/us/trump-federal-agencies-websites-words-dei.html.

744. Editors, "Book Bans Harm Kids: Censoring What Children Read Deprives Them of Reality and the Chance to Feed Their Curiosity and Develop Empathy," Scientific American, November 19, 2024, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/book-bans-harm-kids/.

745. Stephanie Sugars, “From ‘Fake News’ to ‘Enemy of the People’: An Anatomy of Trump’s Tweets,” Committee to Protect Journalists, January 30, 2019, https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/.

746. AFP, “Trump Declares Media ‘the Enemy of the American People,’” Al Jazeera, February 18, 2017, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/2/18/trump-declares-media-the-enemy-of-the-american-people.

747. Callum Borchers, “White House Blocks CNN, New York Times from Press Briefing,” Washington Post, February 24, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/02/24/white-house-blocks-CNN-new-york-times-from-press-briefing-hours-after-trump-slams-media/; Joseph Ax, “Trump’s $475 Million ‘Big Lie’ Defamation Lawsuit Against CNN Dismissed,” Reuters, July 31, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-475-mln-big-lie-defamation-lawsuit-against-cnn-dismissed-2023-07-29/.

748. “Ruling Restoring CNN Reporter’s White House Press Credentials a Victory for Press Freedom,” Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University, November 16, 2018, https://knightcolumbia.org/content/ruling-restoring-cnn-reporters-white-house-press-credentials-a-victory-for-press-freedom; Sabrina Siddiqui, “Trump Press Ban: BBC, CNN and Guardian Denied Access to Briefing,” Guardian, February 24, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/24/media-blocked-white-house-briefing-sean-spicer.

749. Damian Paletta and Josh Dawsey “Trump Personally Pushed Postmaster General to Raise Rates on Amazon, Other Firms,” Washington Post, May 18, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-personally-pushed-postmaster-general-to-double-rates-on-amazon-other-firms/2018/05/18/2b6438d2-5931-11e8-858f-12becb4d6067_story.html; Eugene Kiely and D'Angelo Gore, “Trump’s Amazon Attack,” FactCheck.org, April 5, 2018, https://www.factcheck.org/2018/04/trumps-amazon-attack/; Josh Bell, “Trump Once Again Threatens to Change Federal Libel Laws that Don’t Exist.” American Civil Liberties Union, January 10, 2018, https://www.aclu.org/news/free-speech/trump-once-again-threatens-change-federal-libel-laws-dont-exist.

750. David Bauder, “Journalists Turn in Press Credentials, Exit Pentagon, Rather Than Accept New Rules,” Associated Press, October 16, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/pentagon-press-access-hegseth-trump-restrictions-5d9c2a63e4e03b91fc1546bb09ffbf12.

751. Bobby Allyn, “Legal Experts Say Pulling Jimmy Kimmel May Be ‘Jawboning,’” NPR,

September 18, 2025, https://www.npr.org/2025/09/18/nx-s1-5545720/kimmel-abc-carr-fcc-jawboning;

Genevieve Lakier, “Enforcing the First Amendment in an Era of Jawboning,” forthcoming University of Chicago Law Review (2026), https://ssrn.com/abstract=5162523.

752. Justin Spike and Nicholas Riccardi, “Trump’s Moves against Media Outlets Mirror Authoritarian Approaches to Silencing Dissent,” PBS NewsHour, September 18, 2025, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trumps-moves-against-media-outlets-mirror-authoritarian-approaches-to-silencing-dissent.

753. Lauren Aratani, “Media Giants Accused of ‘Cowering to Threats’ as Trump Tries to Stamp Out Criticism,” Guardian, September 20, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/20/disney-paramount-cower-trump-criticism.

754. Justin Spike and Nicholas Riccardi, “Trump’s Moves against Media Outlets.”

755. Reporters Without Borders, “Russia,” accessed April 2, 2026, https://rsf.org/en/country/russia.

756. Reporters Without Borders, “RSF Unveils 20/2020 List of Press Freedom’s Digital Predators,” March 10, 2020, https://rsf.org/en/rsf-unveils-202020-list-press-freedom-s-digital-predators; Reporters Without Borders, “RSF Investigation: OpIndia, the Media Machine Targeting Journalists in India with Hundreds of Disparaging Articles,” December 17, 2025, https://rsf.org/en/rsf-investigation-opindia-media-machine-targeting-journalists-india-hundreds-disparaging-articlesDorota Głowacka, Richard Youngs, Adela Pintea, Ewelina Wołosik, "Digital technologies as a means of repression and social control," European Parliament coordinator: Policy Department for External Relations Directorate General for External Policies of the Union PE 653.636, April 2021, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/653636/EXPO_STU(2021)653636_EN.pdf..

757. Freedom House, “Serbia: Freedom in the World 2025,” accessed April 2, 2026, https://freedomhouse.org/country/serbia/freedom-world/2025; Freedom House, “Serbia: Nations in Transit 2024,” accessed April 2, 2026, https://freedomhouse.org/country/serbia/nations-transit/2024.

758. Moira Donegan, “Jimmy Kimmel, Stephen Colbert … Who Is the Next to Be Silenced?”

Guardian, September 18, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/sep/18/jimmy-kimmel-stephen-colbert-cancelled-free-speech.

759. Schauer, “Fear, Risk and the First Amendment.”

760. PEN America, The Chilling: Global Trends in Online Violence Against Women Journalists (2021); Online Harassment Field Manual (2017).

761. Richardson, “Letters from an American.”

762. Sam McNeil, “Israel Cracks Down on Palestinian Citizens Who Speak Out against the War in Gaza,” Associated Press, November 24, 2024, https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-war-palestinians-dissent-protest-849cc9250534b5bae98cea89e6f4d35e; Masha Gessen, “Inside the Israeli Crackdown on Speech,” New Yorker, November 8, 2023, https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-human-rights/inside-the-israeli-crackdown-on-speech.

763. UNESCO, World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development (2022); see also Thomas I. Emerson, “Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment,” Yale Law Journal 72, no. 5 (1963): 877–956, https://doi.org/10.2307/794655.

764. Donegan, “Who Is the Next to Be Silenced?”

765. Jason Zinoman, “Being a High-Profile Comedian Right Now Is No Joke,”

New York Times, September 20, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/20/arts/television/jimmy-kimmel-fallon-censorship.html.

766. Andrei Soldatov, “For Russians Like Me, Silencing Jimmy Kimmel Looks Dangerously Familiar,” Moscow Times, September 19, 2025, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/09/19/for-russians-like-me-silencing-jimmy-kimmel-looks-dangerously-familiar-a90567.

767. Valentyna Romanenko, “Belarusian Stand-Up Comedian Sentenced in Absentia to 6 Years in Prison for ‘Insulting’ Lukashenko,” Ukrainska Pravda, December 30, 2024, https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/12/30/7491313/

768. Yew Lun Tian and Casey Hall, “No Joke: China’s Backlash against Stand-Up Stirs Fear of Comedy Clampdown,” Reuters, May 21, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/china/no-joke-chinas-backlash-against-stand-up-stirs-fear-comedy-clampdown-2023-05-20/

769. Amnesty International, “Cyclone Nargis: One Year On, 21 People Imprisoned for Helping Victims,” May 4, 2009, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2009/05/cyclone-nargis-one-year-21-people-imprisoned-helping-victims-20090504/

770. Terry Anderson, “Cartoonists and Journalists Jailed in Turkey Need Our Help,” Time, May 2, 2017, https://time.com/4762911/turkey-cartoonists-jail-world-press-freedom-day/; Jared Malsin, “Bassem Youssef Abruptly Cancels Egyptian Satire Show Before Sisi Declared President,” Time, June 3, 2014, https://time.com/2818306/bassem-youssef-abruptly-cancels-egyptian-satire-show-before-sisi-declared-president/; German Resistance Memorial Center, “Werner Finck,” accessed May 7, 2026, https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index-of-persons/biographie/view-bio/werner-finck/?no_cache=1.

771. Robin Bates, “Why Tyrants Hate Laughter,” Better Living through Beowulf, April 8, 2019, https://betterlivingthroughbeowulf.com/why-tyrants-hate-laughter/.

772. Siu-yau Lee, “Surviving Online Censorship in China: Three Satirical Tactics and Their Impact,” China Quarterly 228 (December 2016): 1061–80, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741016001454; Umut Korkut et al., “Looking for Truth in Absurdity: Humour as Community-Building and Dissidence against Authoritarianism,” International Political Science Review 43, no. 5 (2022): 629–47, https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512120971151.

773. Women remain sharply underrepresented in professional comedy. One major study found that only 11 percent of British sitcoms were predominantly written by women, while an analysis of leading American television comedies found that men received 81 percent of writing credits. There is currently no major late-night show hosted by a woman, for example. Samantha Bee was alone among the men for a brief while, until she was cancelled. See Alexis Kreager with Stephen Follows, Gender Inequality and Screenwriters: A Study of the Impact of Gender on Equality of Opportunity for Screenwriters and Key Creatives in the UK Film and Television Industries (London: Writers’ Guild of Great Britain, 2018), https://writersguild.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Gender-Inequality-and-Screenwriters.pdf; Michael Hester and Oliver Gladfelter, “Yes, Female Writers Produce Funny Television,” The DataFace, June 17, 2018, https://archive.thedataface.com/2018/06/culture/comedy-writing-staffs.

774. Sandra Gonzalez and Chloe Melas, “Kathy Griffin: Trump Is ‘Trying to Ruin My Life’ after Photo Scandal,” CNN, June 2, 2017, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/02/entertainment/kathy-griffin-trump; Hilary Weaver. “Kathy Griffin Fired by CNN as Trump Photo Backlash Continues,” Vanity Fair, May 31, 2017, https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/05/kathy-griffin-controversy-cant-outlast-trump-misstep?srsltid=AfmBOooz_VFxoNGsmeFaMcLTPp6kIhCjzM4NcSNt92cqn-s0gLdfWHoV.

775. Giovanni Russonello, “Michelle Wolf’s Old Late-Night Bosses Come to Her Defense,” New York Times, May 1, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/arts/television/michelle-wolf-seth-meyers-trevor-noah.html; Dave Holloway, “Netflix Cancels ‘The Break with Michelle Wolf,’” New York Post, August 18, 2018, https://nypost.com/2018/08/18/netflix-cancels-the-break-with-michelle-wolf/.

776. Christine Wang, “Comedian Samantha Bee Used a Vulgar Insult to Describe Ivanka Trump—and Now She’s Apologizing,” CNBC, May 31, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/31/samantha-bee-apologizes-for-using-vulgar-insult-to-describe-ivanka-trump.html; Rao, Sonia. Samantha Bee apologizes for calling Ivanka Trump a vulgar word after White House condemnation. Washington Post, May 31, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2018/05/31/samantha-bee-used-a-vulgar-term-to-criticize-ivanka-trump-conservatives-and-the-white-house-arent-happy/.

777. Josh Fiallo, “Trump Reignites Rosie O’Donnell Feud with Help of MTG’s Beau,” Yahoo Entertainment, March 12, 2025, https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/trump-reignites-rosie-o-donnell-185518192.html.

778. Michael Schneider, “‘The Late Show With Stephen Colbert’ Finale Attracts 6.74 Million Viewers, Its Most-Watched Weeknight Episode of All Time,” Variety, May 22, 2026, https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert-finale-ratings-1236757376/; Danielle Broadway, “Colbert to Co-Write New ‘Lord of the Rings’ Film after Late-Night Show Ends,” Reuters, March 25, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/colbert-cowrite-new-lord-rings-film-after-late-night-show-ends-2026-03-25/.

779. Andrew Rafferty, “That Time When Barack Obama and Seth Meyers Roasted Donald Trump,” NBC News, April 30, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/white-house-correspondents-dinner/time-when-barack-obama-seth-meyers-roasted-donald-trump-n565081.

780. Samantha Schmidt, “Professor Fired after Defending Blacks-Only Event to Fox News: ‘I Was Publicly Lynched,’ She Says,” Washington Post, June 26, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/06/26/professor-fired-after-defending-blacks-only-event-on-fox-news-i-was-publicly-lynched-she-says/; “NJ College: Professor Fired for Racially Insensitive Remarks,” Associated Press, June 24, 2017, https://apnews.com/television-general-news-950d744e34884c1a9e2011542fcfe947; Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, “After FIRE Lawsuit, Essex County College Finally Turns Over Documents about Firing of Black Lives Matter Defender,” FIRE, January 23, 2018, https://www.fire.org/news/after-fire-lawsuit-essex-county-college-finally-turns-over-documents-about-firing-black-lives.

781. Taylor Lorenz, “Meet the Woman behind Libs of TikTok, Secretly Fueling the Right’s Outrage Machine,” Washington Post, April 19, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/19/libs-of-tiktok-right-wing-media/.

782. Sabrina Conza, “New College of Florida Axes Professor Who Criticized College, Purportedly over His ‘Leftist’ Views,” Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, June 8, 2023, https://www.fire.org/news/new-college-florida-axes-professor-who-criticized-college-purportedly-over-his-leftist-views; Alice Speri, “‘We’re Like Sitting Ducks’: The Right’s ‘War on Woke’ Has A Well-Tested Playbook to Take Down Academics,” Guardian, February 14, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/feb/14/chris-rufo-jo-boaler-academics-woke.

783. Ray Carter, “Controversial Owasso Teacher ‘Is No Longer in the Classroom,’” Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs, April 19, 2022, https://ocpathink.org/post/independent-journalism/controversial-owasso-teacher-is-no-longer-in-the-classroom; Sean Murphy, “Oklahoma Superintendent Faces Blowback for Putting Libs of TikTok Creator on Library Panel,” Associated Press, January 24, 2024, https://apnews.com/article/4db2bcb9d8e0582f67329f6879bdf6ba.

784. Curtis Bunn and Tyler Kingkade, “How Charlie Kirk’s Professor Watchlist Reshaped Free Speech on Campus,” NBC News, September 24, 2025, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/charlie-kirk-professor-watchlist-free-speech-college-campus-rcna231448.

785. Chris Stein, “Charlie Kirk in His Own Words: ‘Prowling Blacks’ and ‘the Great Replacement Strategy,’” Guardian, September 12, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/11/charlie-kirk-quotes-beliefs.

786. Jack Beresford, “Charlie Kirk Brands Simone Biles ‘Shame to the Country’ After Olympics Exit,” Newsweek, July 28, 2021, https://www.newsweek.com/charlie-kirk-brands-simone-biles-shame-country-after-olympics-exit-1613809.

787. Megan Loe and Nur Ibrahim, “Fact Check: Charlie Kirk Called Martin Luther King Jr. ‘Awful,’” Yahoo News, September 13, 2025, https://ca.news.yahoo.com/fact-check-charlie-kirk-called-224000092.html.

788. Alecia Taylor, “Black Professors on Turning Point’s Watch List Face Harassment On and Off Campus,” Capital B News, September 26, 2025, https://capitalbnews.org/black-professors-watch-list-threats-kirk/.

789. Valerie Strauss, “The Sort of Company We Wish to Keep: More Than 1,500 Academics Ask to Join Controversial ‘Professor Watchlist,’” Washington Post, December 14, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2016/12/14/the-sort-of-company-we-wish-to-keep-more-than-1500-academics-ask-to-join-controversial-professor-watchlist/.

790. American Association of University Professors, “What Is Turning Point USA?” https://www.aaup.org/issues-higher-education/political-attacks-higher-ed/targeted-harassment-faculty/what-turning-point.

791. American Association of University Professors, “AAUP Statement on the Professor Watchlist,” 2016; Southern Poverty Law Center, “Turning Point USA’s Professor Watchlist,” Hatewatch, https://www.aaup.org/open-letter-regarding-professor-watchlist.

792. PEN America, Online Harassment Field Manual; PEN America, The Chilling.

793. A note on style and racism: I noticed that Stacey Patton did not capitalize White. There are some debates about this, and I went back and forth about it. For example, the style sheet followed by the Associated Press capitalizes Black but lowercases white. Its reasoning is that Black identifies a shared history and diasporic culture, while capitalizing White can mistakenly imply a corresponding unified white culture and reproduce white-supremacist usage. However, Chicago Manual of Style, which is the style that this book uses for formatting, capitalizes both Black and White because it makes clear that White is also a constructed racial position, not a neutral absence of race. And for a book like this that examines systems of power, that felt like the right message. So I was capitalizing both Black and White. I did that, until I read Stacey Patton’s post, because I saw that, despite all that she has been through personally as a result of racial hierarchies, oppression, and violence, she does not capitalize white. So I decided to go with her practice out of deference to her authority and lived experience.

794. Facebook post, https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1280546930843545&set=a.201905688707680.

795. Whitney Phillips, This Is Why We Can’t Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015); Alice E. Marwick and Rebecca Lewis, “Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online,” Data & Society Research Institute, 2017, https://citap.unc.edu/publications/media-manipulation-and-disinformation-online/.

796. Danielle Keats Citron, Hate Crimes in Cyberspace (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014); Emma A. Jane, “Online Misogyny and Feminist Digilantism,” Continuum 30, no. 3 (2017): 284–95, https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2016.1166560.

797. Sabrina Tavernise, “She Was Fired for a Comment on Her Private Facebook Account,” New York Times, September 29, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/29/us/charlie-kirk-free-speech.html.

798. Evan Perez and Holmes Lybrand, “FBI Director Kash Patel Had to Fire Agents to Keep His Job, Lawsuit Says,” CNN, September 10, 2025, https://edition.CNN.com/2025/09/10/politics/fired-fbi-officials-sue-kash-patel.

799. Laura Meckler et al., “Teachers Are Losing Jobs as Conservatives Target Lessons, Speech They Dislike,” Washington Post, September 20, 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2025/09/20/conservatives-target-teachers-free-speech/.

800. Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs and Bernard Mokam, “A Broad Wave of Firings Followed Charlie Kirk’s Assassination,” New York Times, September 26, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/26/us/kirk-critics-fired-free-speech.html.

801. See, for example, Mike Hixenbaugh, “Here Are 50 Books Texas Parents Want Banned from School Libraries,” NBC News, February 1, 2022, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/texas-library-books-banned-schools-rcna12986.

802. Meckler et al., “Teachers Are Losing Jobs.”

803. I interviewed Dr. Warda Sada on my podcast after she won the lawsuit protesting her firing. You can watch here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbFtwiMCUoA

804. TOI Staff, “Beersheba Girl Suspended from School after Voicing Concern for Gazan Kids,” Times of Israel, September 23, 2024, https://www.timesofisrael.com/beersheba-girl-suspended-from-school-after-voicing-concern-for-gazan-kids/.

805. Or Hadar, “Health Committee Chaos: Chair Limor Son Har-Melech Has Doctors Removed, Rebukes Them,” Ynet, January 20, 2026, https://www.ynet.co.il/health/article/r1ok40nrzl.

806. Greg Bushart, “A Retired Police Officer Posted a Meme. It Earned Him 37 Days in Jail,” New York Times, November 26, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/26/opinion/charlie-kirk-free-speech-bushart.html.

807. Lukianoff, “A Retired Police Officer Posted a Meme.”

808. Praveena Somasundaram, “She Made a Facebook Comment About Her Mayor. Then the Police Arrived,” Washington Post, January 14, 2026, https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2026/01/14/miami-beach-facebook-comment-police/.

809. Meckler et al., “Teachers Are Losing Jobs.”

810. Evan Perez and Katelyn Polantz, “Justice Department Fires Prosecutor Falsely Tied to Comey Case in Social Media Post,” CNN, October 2, 2025,

https://edition.cnn.com/2025/10/01/politics/justice-department-prosecutor-fired-comey-case.

811. Michael S. Schmidt and Maggie Haberman, “Trump Wanted to Order Justice Dept. to Prosecute Comey and Clinton,” New York Times, November 20, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/us/politics/president-trump-justice-department.html; Kayla Epstein, “Trump Pushed to Prosecute Comey, but His Own Actions Could Undermine the Case,” BBC, September 27, 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg42e01p23qo.

812. Devan Cole et al., “Letitia James Pleaded Not Guilty to Charges Brought by Trump’s Justice Department. Here’s What’s Next,” CNN, October 24, 2025, https://edition.cnn.com/2025/10/24/politics/takeaways-letitia-james-arraignment.

813. Michael S. Schmidt, “Trump Wanted I.R.S. Investigations of Foes, Top Aide Says,” New York Times, November 13, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/13/us/politics/trump-irs-investigations.html.

814. “Arab Teacher Arrested over TikTok Dance to Sue Police and Ben Gvir; Expected to Win,” Times of Israel,

October 10, 2024, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/arab-teacher-arrested-over-tiktok-dance-to-sue-police-and-ben-gvir-expected-to-win/.

815. Eleanor Beardsley, “An Israeli Teacher’s Facebook Posts Supporting Palestinian Rights Led to His Firing,”

NPR, April 12, 2024, https://www.npr.org/2024/04/12/1244509052/an-israeli-teachers-facebook-posts-supporting-palestinian-rights-led-to-his-firi.

816. Carlos Turcios, “Chicago Schools Silent on Discipline after Teacher Appears to Mock Charlie Kirk’s Death at ‘No Kings’ Rally,” Yahoo News, October 23, 2025, https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/chicago-schools-silent-discipline-teacher-154514082.html; “Teacher Suspended After Arrest Alongside Friend Who Graffitied Palestinian Flag Colors,” Times of Israel, March 2026, https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/jerusalem-teacher-suspended-after-being-arrested-alongside-friend-who-graffitied-colors-of-palestinian-flag-in-west-bank/.

817. Stark, Coercive Control.

818. Durvasula, Don’t You Know Who I AAm? Simon, In Sheep’s Clothing.

819. Kipling D. Williams, “Ostracism,” Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007): 425–52.

820. Tanja Samardzic, Unpacking Silencing: An Exploration into Young Women’s Relationships with (Abusive) Men (PhD diss., University of Guelph, 2023).

821. Time Staff, “Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech, Time, June 16, 2015, https://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/.

822. Said by Mike Pompeo, https://www.instagram.com/reels/DIJjHXRisIQ/.

823. Joseph Strauss, "‘I Voted for You Because Jews Are Good with Money’: Mark Levine on Running for Comptroller," JTA, September 18, 2025, https://www.jta.org/2025/09/18/politics/i-voted-for-you-because-jews-are-good-with-money-mark-levine-on-running-for-comptroller.

824. Sean McElwee, "The Hidden Racism of Young White Americans," PBS, Mar 24, 2015, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/americas-racism-problem-far-complicated-think.

825. Caroline Mala Corbin, “Terrorists Are Always Muslim but Never White: At the Intersection of Critical Race

Theory and Propaganda,” 86 Fordham L. Rev. 455 (2017). https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol86/iss2/5.

826. Isabel Wilkerson, Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents (New York: Random House, 2020), 142.

827. “What Is Dangerous Speech?” Dangerous Speech Project, https://www.dangerousspeech.org/dangerous-speech.

828. Carly Offidani-Bertrand, “‘It Unleashed All the Worries We Tried to Calm Down’: The Trump Administration’s Impact on the Mental Health of Immigrant Communities,” SSM — Mental Health 3, 2023,; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100207; Mary Lehman Held et al., “Policy Stress and Social Support: Mental Health Impacts for Latinx Adults in the Southeast United States,” Social Science & Medicine 307, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115172; Costello, The Trump Effect; Krishnadev Calamur, “NATO Shmato?,” Atlantic, July 21, 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/07/trump-nato/492341/.

829. Facebook video, “When I Heard Trump’s Speech as a Mexican-American,” January 27, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/BuzzFeedVideo/posts/when-i-heard-trumps-speech-as-a-mexican-american/1912124158928457/.

830. Max Boot, “President Trump Is Normalizing Racism,” Washington Post, May 30, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/president-trump-is-normalizing-racism/2018/05/30/7d5f726e-6417-11e8-a768-ed043e33f1dc_story.html.

831. Erika Lee, At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).

832. Khalil Gibran Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).

833. Greg Robinson, By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).

834. Arun Kundnani, The Muslims Are Coming! Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror (London: Verso, 2014).

835. Michael Isikoff, “Perot Offends Many NAACP Delegates: ‘You People,’ ‘Your People’ References Called Insensitive, Patronizing,” Washington Post, July 12, 1992, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/07/12/perot-offends-many-naacp-delegates/365f677a-dd2f-4096-a869-eaf0549bb796/; and “Perot Campaign Speech,” C-SPAN, July 11, 1992, https://www.c-span.org/program/public-affairs-event/perot-campaign-speech/143947.

836. Seyla Benhabib, “The Generalized and the Concrete Other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Moral Theory,” in Feminist Social Thought (New York: Routledge, 2014), 735–56.

837. See my book, In My Jewish State, for a comprehensive investigation of this.

838. Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness, 7–14.

839. Elgin, Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense.

840. Nathan Glazer, “The Enmity Within,” New York Times, September 27, 1992, https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/27/books/the-enmity-within.html.

841. A.M. Rosenthal, “Forgive Them Not,” New York Times, September 14, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/14/opinion/on-my-mind-forgive-them-not.html.

842. Frances Gibb, “Muslims Are Not Like Us, Race Equality Chief Says,” Times, January 27, 2016, https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/muslims-are-not-like-us-race-equality-chief-says-699cvlh9jx0.

843. Brent Clark Jr., “They Are Not Like Us Citizens: Reconsidering the Racism and Populism Relationship” (PhD diss., University of California, Irvine, 2024), https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2081x9c0.

844. Emmanuel Felton and Cleve R. Wootson Jr., “Trump Brings His Attacks on Somalis onto the World Stage at Davos,” Washington Post, January 21, 2026, https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2026/01/21/trump-davos-somali-intelligence/.

845. Thomas L. Friedman, “Trump’s Politics Are Not America First. They’re Me First,” New York Times, January 21, 2026, https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/21/opinion/trump-greenland-europe-nato.html.

846. Hasia Diner, The Jews of the United States, 1654–2000 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), chapters on assimilation and antisemitic backlash; Deborah Dash Moore, GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).

847. Michael M. Grynbaum, “A Tucker-Trump Dispute, with Fox News Caught in the Crossfire,” New York Times, June 17, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/17/business/media/trump-tucker-carlson-fox-news.html.

848. Eric Cortellessa, “Jonathan Weisman Unpacks America’s Brewing Anti-Semitism,” Times of Israel, April 3, 2018, https://www.timesofisrael.com/jonathan-weisman-unpacks-americas-brewing-anti-semitism/.

849. Tariq Modood, Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013), chapters on Islam and national identity.

850. Pew Research Center, “Identity, Assimilation, and Community,” https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/07/26/identity-assimilation-and-community/; Maitreyi Bordia Das, et al. Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity. New frontiers of social policy Washington DC; World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/114561468154469371.

851. Angelique Chrisafis, “‘We Don’t Want You Here’: Muslims Fearful as France Prepares to Vote,” Guardian, May 5, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/05/france-muslims-fear-frustration-runoff-vote-marine-le-pen.

852. “Braverman’s Refugee Speech Sparks UN Human Rights Criticism,” BBC News, September 26, 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/live/uk-politics-66922119.

853. Matthew Karnitschnig, “Orbán Says Migrants Threaten ‘Christian’ Europe,” Politico Europe, September 3, 2015, https://www.politico.eu/article/orban-migrants-threaten-christian-europe-identity-refugees-asylum-crisis/.

854. Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “‘They Will Lock Us Up or Just Kill Us’: Muslims Fearful in West Bengal,” Guardian, December 12, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/12/they-will-lock-us-up-or-just-kill-us-muslims-fearful-in-west-bengal.

855. Agente-France, “Netanyahu: Israel Is Not a State of All Its Citizens,” Guardian, March 10, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/10/benjamin-netanyahu-says-israel-is-not-a-state-of-all-its-citizens.

856. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).

857. Henri Tajfel and John Turner, “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict,” in The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1979).

858. World Bank, Inclusion Matters, chap. 2.

859. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (2017); Norman B. Anderson, et al. "Stress in America: The Impact of Discrimination," American Psychological Association, March 10, 2016, https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2015/impact-of-discrimination.pdf.

860. Rogers Brubaker, Grounds for Difference (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015).

861. Fiona Devine. "Social Identities, Class Identity and Political Perspectives." The Sociological Review 40, no. 2 (1992): 229-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1992.tb00888.x; Emily Darling et al, (2008). “Belonging and Achieving: The Role of Identity Integration.” In Social Psychological Perspectives. pp.241-273, (2008). 10.1016/S0749-7423(08)15008-7.

862. Lisa Desjardins, “What Exactly Trump Has Said About Race.” PBS NewsHour, July 5, 2020, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/every-moment-donald-trumps-long-complicated-history-race.

863. Jessica Gantt Shafer, “Donald Trump’s ‘Political Incorrectness’: Neoliberalism as Frontstage Racism on Social Media,” Social Media + Society 3, no. 3 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117733226.

Bart Cammaerts, “The Abnormalisation of Social Justice: The ‘Anti-Woke Culture War’ Discourse in the UK,” Discourse & Society 33, no. 6 (2022): 730–43, https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265221095407.

864. Ben Lorber, “Musk Endorsed White Nationalism and the Silence Is Deafening,” Religion Dispatches, January 9, 2026, https://religiondispatches.org/2026/01/09/musk-endorsed-white-nationalism.

865. World Bank, Inclusion Matters, chap. 2.

866. Deborah Cameron, Verbal Hygiene (London: Routledge, 1995).

867. Sara Ahmed, Complaint! (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2021).

868. Elon Musk, “DEI must DIE. The point was to end discrimination, not replace it with different discrimination,” X, December 14, 2023, https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1735568882499211557; Reuters, “White House Blasts Musk’s ‘Hideous’ Antisemitic Lie, Advertisers Pause on X,” November 18, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/white-house-condemns-musk-spreading-hideous-antisemitic-lies-2023-11-17/.

869. Heather Timmons et al., “Musk’s Hand Gesture during Trump Inauguration Festivities Draws Scrutiny,” Reuters, January 21, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/musks-hand-gesture-during-trump-inauguration-festivities-draws-scrutiny-2025-01-21/; Martin Pengelly, “Elon Musk Appears to Make Back-to-Back Fascist Salutes at Inauguration Rally,” Guardian, January 20, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/20/trump-elon-musk-salute.

870. Emily Crockett, “Trump on Tubman: ‘Pure Political Correctness.’ Trump on Jackson: ‘Tremendous Success,’” Vox, April 21, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/4/21/11477600/donald-trump-harriet-tubman-andrew-jackson-political-correctness.

871. Mark Hannah, “Political Correctness Is an Absolute Must,” Time, July 19, 2016, https://time.com/4405217/trump-political-correctness-obama/.

872. Matthew Dessem, “In Statement on Orlando Shooting, Trump Says ‘We Can’t Afford to Be Politically Correct Anymore,’” Slate, June 12, 2016, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/06/donald-trump-statement-on-orlando-shooting-says-we-cant-afford-to-be-politically-correct-anymore.html.

873. Anthony Brooks, “Trump’s War on ‘Political Correctness’ Is at the Center of His Appeal,” WBUR, July 21, 2016, https://www.wbur.org/news/2016/07/21/trump-political-correctness.

874. Jason Zengerle, Hated by All the Right People: Tucker Carlson and the Unraveling of the Conservative Mind (New York: Crooked Media Reads, 2025).

875. William Shankley and James Rhodes, “Racisms in Contemporary Britain,” in Ethnicity and Race in the UK: State of the Nation, ed. Bridget Byrne et al. (Bristol: Bristol University Press, 2020), 203–28, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv14t47tm.16.

876. Cas Mudde, The Far Right Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2019).

877. PEN America, Chilling Effect: Free Speech and Campus Politics (2022).

878. Michael I. Norton and Samuel R. Sommers, “Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 3 (2011): 215–18, https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/norton%20sommers%20whites%20see%20racism_ca92b4be-cab9-491d-8a87-cf1c6ff244ad.pdf.

879. John M. Herbert, “Academic Free Speech or Right-Wing Grievance?” Digital Discovery 2, no. 2 (2023): 260–97, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2dd00111j.

880. Michael Kimmel, Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era (New York: Nation Books, 2017).

881. Luis E. Gomez and Patrick Bernet, “Diversity Improves Performance and Outcomes,” Journal of the National Medical Association 111, no. 4 (2019): 383–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2019.01.006.

882. Alexandra Filindra et al., “Who Buys the ‘Big Lie’?: White Political Grievance and Confidence in Electoral Outcomes,” SSRN, October 30, 2023, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4618017.

883. Rogers Brubaker, “Why Populism?” Theory and Society 46, no. 5 (2017): 357–85, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44981871.

884. Michael Kimmel, “Aggrieved Entitlement,” in Healing from Hate, ed. Michael Kimmel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018), 17–32.

885. Steven Hassan, The Cult of Trump: A Leading Cult Expert Explains How the President Uses Mind Control (New York: Free Press, 2019).

886. Suzannah Weiss, “5 Gaslighting Phrases Donald Trump Used That Remind Me a Lot of My Abusive Ex,” Everyday Feminism, November 14, 2016, http://everydayfeminism.com/2016/11/gaslighting-trump-abusive-ex/.

887. Carl Hulse, “The Respectful Supreme Court Hearing That Wasn’t,” New York Times, March 24, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/24/us/politics/hostile-supreme-court-hearing-jackson.html.

888. Julian Mark, “GOP Blames Silicon Valley Bank’s Collapse on ‘ESG’ Policies. Here’s What to Know,” Washington Post, March 14, 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2023/03/14/svb-esg-woke-investing/.

889. Nicholas Confessore, “How a Proxy Fight over Campus Politics Brought Down Harvard’s President,” New York Times, January 2, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/02/us/harvard-president-campus-antisemitism-conservatives.html.

890. “Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Removes DEI from the Foreign Service,” White House, March 18, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/03/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-removes-dei-from-the-foreign-service/.

891. Sarah Mehta, “From Day One: Trump’s Immigration and Civil Rights Agenda,” 2024–2025, American Civil Liberties Union, June 6, 2025. https://www.aclu.org/news/immigrants-rights/from-day-one-trumps-immigration-agenda-has-grown-more-extreme; Curtis Bunn, "DEI Programs Weathered a Myriad of Attacks This Year, With More to Come In 2025", NBC News, Dec. 29, 2024, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/anti-dei-program-effort-2025-states-companies-universities-trump-rcna184580.

892. Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan, “Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal?” American Economic Review 94, no. 4 (2004): 991–1013, DOI:10.1257/0002828042002561; Corinne Moss-Racusin et al., “Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 41 (2012): 16474–79, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0002828042002561.

893. Devon W. Carbado and Mitu Gulati, Acting White? Rethinking Race in ‘Post-Racial’ America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

894. Devon Westhill, “She’s Not a Biologist, Just a Simple Supreme Court Justice,” Center for Equal Opportunity, July 10, 2023, https://ceousa.org/2023/07/10/shes-not-a-biologist-just-a-simple-supreme-court-justice/.

895. Liz Raftery, “Viola Davis: Most Roles Offered to Black Actresses Are ‘Mammy-ish,’” TV Guide, September 14, 2014, https://www.tvguide.com/news/viola-davis-black-actresses-roles-how-get-away-murder-1086840/.

896. Serena Williams, “‘We Must Continue to Dream Big’: An Open Letter from Serena Williams,” Guardian, November 29, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/nov/29/dream-big-open-letter-serena-williams-porter-magazine-incredible-women-of-2016-issue-women-athletes.

897. Michael Gold and Jonathan Weisman, “Trump Rally in Aurora, Colo., Is Marked by Nativist Attacks,” New York Times, October 11, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/11/us/politics/trump-aurora-nativist.html.

898. “US/El Salvador: Torture of Venezuelan Deportees,” Human Rights Watch, November 12, 2025, https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/11/12/us/el-salvador-torture-of-venezuelan-deportees

899. “Fact-Checking over 12,000 of Donald Trump’s Quotes about Immigrants,” Marshall Project, October 21, 2024, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2024/10/21/fact-check-12000-trump-statements-immigrants.

900. Rashawn Ray and Gabriel R. Sanchez, “ICE Expansion Has Outpaced Accountability. What Are the Remedies?,” Brookings, January 26, 2026, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/ice-expansion-has-outpaced-accountability-what-are-the-remedies/; Rachel Leingang and Maanvi Singh, “‘Make No Mistake, This Is an Occupation’: ICE’s Deadly Presence Casts Long Shadow over Minneapolis,” Guardian, January 17, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/jan/17/minneapolis-twin-cities-ice-dispatch; Alejandra B. Portillos, “Breaking the ICE: Immigration and Migration Enforcement, Latinx Testimonios, and Abolition,” Journal of Latino/Latin American Studies 13, no. 2 (2024 ): 26–46, DOI:10.18085/1549-9502.2024.11.OR.008; Sarah Sherman-Stokes, “Immigration Detention Abolition and the Violence of Digital Cages,” University of Colorado Law Review 95 (2024): 219. https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/lawreview/vol95/iss1/5/.

901. Julie Hirschfeld Davis, “Trump Calls Some Unauthorized Immigrants ‘Animals’ in Rant,” New York Times, May 16, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/16/us/politics/trump-undocumented-immigrants-animals.html; Dara Lind, “MS-13 Explained,” Vox, Feb 6, 2019, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/2/26/16955936/ms-13-trump-immigrants-crime.

902. Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness, 1–14.

903. Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness, esp. chaps. 1–2.

904. David. S. March, “Perceiving a Danger Within: Black Americans Associate Black Men with Physical Threat,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 14, no. 8 (2022): 942–51, https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221142970.

905. Randy Fine (@RepFine), post on X, https://x.com/RepFine/status/2032230398009200896?s=20.

906. Avery Lotz, “Trump Closing Out Campaign Cycle with Anti-Trans Attacks,” Axios, October 22, 2024, https://www.axios.com/2024/10/22/trump-trans-attacks-campaign-ads.

907. Heath Fogg Davis, “Why the ‘Transgender’ Bathroom Controversy Should Make Us Rethink Sex-Segregated Public Bathrooms,” Politics, Groups, and Identities 6, no. 2 (2018): 199–216, https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2017.1338971.

908. Human Rights Campaign, “Fatal Violence Against the Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Community,” annual reports 2013–2024, https://www.hrc.org/resources/fatal-violence-against-the-transgender-and-gender-expansive-community-in-2024; see also FBI hate crime data summaries https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr/hate-crime.

909. Kathleen C. Basile et al., The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Sexual Violence (Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022), https://www.cdc.gov/nisvs/documentation/nisvsReportonSexualViolence.pdf; United States Sentencing Commission, “Quick Facts: Sexual Abuse Offenses,” accessed May 26, 2026, https://www.ussc.gov/research/quick-facts/sexual-abuse.

910. Jennifer L. Eberhardt, Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do (New York: Viking, 2019).

911. Shoba Sreenivasan et al., “Addressing Systemic Bias in Violence Risk Assessment,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 50, no. 4 (2022): 626–35, DOI: 10.29158/JAAPL.220031-21.

912. Fred E. Markowitz, “Labeling Theory and Mental Illness,” in David P. Farrington, Joseph Murray, eds., Advances in Criminological Theory, (Transaction, 2013) pp.45-62, DOI:10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs328.

913. Elgin, Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense, 27–35.

914. “Protecting the American People Against Invasion,” The White House, January 20, 2025 https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/protecting-the-american-people-against-invasion/; Dan Lamothe and Nick Miroff, “U. S. Will Deploy 5,200 Additional Troops To The Mexican Border, officials say”, October 29, 2018, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/white-house-prepares-large-troop-deployment-to-deter-migrant-caravan/2018/10/29/e13a360e-db84-11e8-b732-3c72cbf131f2_story.html; Courtney Vinopal, “WATCH: FBI Director Wray, national security officials testify on Homeland Security threats,” PBS News Hour, Sep 24, 2020, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-fbi-director-wray-national-security-officials-testify-on-homeland-security-threats; Adam Goldman, “Domestic Terrorism Threat Is ‘Metastasizing’ in U.S., F.B.I. Director Says,” New York Times, March 2, 2021 https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/02/us/politics/wray-domestic-terrorism-capitol.html ; Marshall Project, “Fact-checking 12,000 Trump Statements About Immigrants,” October 21, 2024, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2024/10/21/fact-check-12000-trump-statements-immigrants.

915. Dyango Bonsignore, “The Dangerous Individual in a Time of Migration: Periculum, Dominium and Dangerousness,” in Dangerousness and Criminal Justice (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2023), https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110789157-002.

916. Heather Stewart and Rowena Mason, “Nigel Farage’s Anti-Migrant Poster Reported to Police,” Guardian, June 16, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/16/nigel-farage-defends-ukip-breaking-point-poster-queue-of-migrants; Jill Lawless, “U.K. Interior Minister Faces Backlash, Criticism After Calling Illegal Immigration An 'Invasion’.” Associated Press, Nov 1, 2022, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/u-k-interior-minister-faces-backlash-criticism-after-calling-illegal-immigration-an-invasion.

917. Shaun Walker, “Hungarian Leader Says Europe Is Now ‘under Invasion’ by Migrants,” Guardian, March 15, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/15/hungarian-leader-says-europe-is-now-under-invasion-by-migrants.

918. Gillian Bolsover, "Indian Democracy Under Threat: The BJP’s Online Authoritarian Populism as a Means to Advance an Ethnoreligious Nationalist Agenda in the 2019 General Election." International Journal of Communication 16 (2022): 29-29; Christophe Jaffrelot, Modi’s India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021), esp. chapters on citizenship and internal threat; Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “‘They Will Lock Us Up or Just Kill Us’: Muslims Fearful in West Bengal.” Guardian, December 12, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/12/they-will-lock-us-up-or-just-kill-us-muslims-fearful-in-west-bengal.

919. Myra Noveck and Isabel Kershner, “In Video, Netanyahu Tells Backers That Arab Turnout Endangers His Rule,” New York Times, March 17, 2015, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/live/israel-elections-vote-results/in-video-netanyahu-tells-backers-that-arab-turnout-endangers-his-rule/.

920. Gideon Alon and Aluf Benn, “Netanyahu: Israel’s Arabs Are the Real Demographic Threat,” Haaretz, December 18, 2003, https://www.haaretz.com/2003-12-18/ty-article/netanyahu-israels-arabs-are-the-real-demographic-threat/0000017f-e3c1-d9aa-afff-fbd9f8d50000.

921. “Netanyahu Says Any Future Palestinian State Would Be ‘a Platform to Destroy Israel,’” Reuters, July 8, 2025, https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/netanyahu-any-future-palestinian-state-would-destroy-israel.

922. Ava Rowse, “Israel is Fighting a Battle with Jewish Extremism,” International Policy Digest (2024) https://intpolicydigest.org/israel-is-fighting-a-battle-with-jewish-extremism/; Robin Bankel, “‘The Palestinian Threat’: A Study of Israel’s Contemporary Security Discourse in a Human Rights Context,” (2016),.” M.Sc. Thesis in Human Rights 2015, School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg (2016), https://gupea.ub.gu.se/server/api/core/bitstreams/9fa56a3f-e281-4907-84d1-6b64185a078a/content.

923. Timea Spitka, “Children as Victims and Activists in the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict,” in National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20390-9_4.

924. Caitlin Dickerson, “We Need to Take Away Children,” Atlantic, Aug 7, 2022. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/09/trump-administration-family-separation-policy-immigration/670604/.

925. U.S. Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General, “Separated Children Placed in Office of Refugee Resettlement Care,” January 2019, https://oig.hhs.gov/reports/all/2019/separated-children-placed-in-office-of-refugee-resettlement-care/.

926. Joshua Barajas. “Shooting Deaths Climb In Trump's Mass Deportation Effort,” PBS NewsHour, January 29, 2026, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/a-look-at-shootings-by-federal-immigration-officers.

927. Erika Gottlieb, “The Demonic World of Oceania,” in Utopian Studies II, ed. Michael S. Cummings and Nicholas D. Smith (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1989), 28–37, https://cetapsrepository.letras.up.pt/id/cetaps/102636.

928. Gold and Weisman, “Trump Rally in Aurora, Colo.”

929. Higgins, Andrew. “Trump Embraces ‘Enemy of the People,’ a Phrase with a Fraught History,” New York Times, February 26, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/26/world/europe/trump-enemy-of-the-people-stalin.html.

930. Amy Sherman, “Trump Is Talking More about ‘the Enemy from Within’ near Election Day. Who Is He Talking About?” PolitiFact, October 30, 2024, https://www.politifact.com/article/2024/oct/30/trump-is-talking-more-about-the-enemy-from-within/.

931. Andrea Elizabeth Cluck, “Islamophobia in the Post-9/11 United States: Causes, Manifestations, and Solutions” (master’s thesis, University of Georgia, 2012), https://openscholar.uga.edu/record/11968.

932. Syed Attique Bukhari et al., “Islamophobia in the West and Post 9/11 Era,” Journal of Islamic and Global Studies 78 (2019), https://doi.org/10.7176/IAGS/78-04.

933. FBI, “Hate Crime Statistics, 2001,” https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2001/hatecrime01.pdf.

934. Dorothy Hastings, “WATCH: 20 Years on, Muslim Journalists Reflect on Reporting in a Post-9/11 World,” PBS NewsHour, September 7, 2021, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/watch-live-20-years-on-muslim-journalists-reflect-on-reporting-in-a-post-9-11-world.

935. @SenTuberville, post on X, https://x.com/SenTuberville/status/2032087973810901496?s=20.

936. “Prime Minister Netanyahu’s Remarks at the JNS International Policy Summit 2026,” Prime Minister’s Office, June 22, 2026, https://www.gov.il/en/pages/event-jns210626.

937. Carlotta Gall, “Erdogan Champions Khashoggi While Trampling Journalists and Dissidents in Turkey,” New York Times, November 6, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/world/europe/erdogan-khashoggi-turkey.html.

938. The White House, “Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Designates Antifa as a Domestic Terrorist Organization,” September 22, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/09/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-designates-antifa-as-a-domestic-terrorist-organization/; Donovan Slack, “Trump Designates Antifa a ‘Domestic Terrorist Organisation,’” BBC, September 23, 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cq5j085207do.

939. “Q&A: Antifa is not a Single Group. So what is it?” ACLED, September 23, 2025, accessed Jan 10, 2026. https://acleddata.com/qa/qa-antifa-not-single-group-so-what-it; Art Jipson, “Why the Trump Administration’s Comparison of Antifa to Violent Terrorist Groups Doesn’t Track,” The Conversation, October 28, 2025, https://theconversation.com/why-the-trump-administrations-comparison-of-antifa-to-violent-terrorist-groups-doesnt-track-267514.

940. The White House, “Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Develops New Strategy to Counter Domestic Terrorism and Organized Political Violence,” September 25, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/09/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-develops-new-strategy-to-counter-domestic-terrorism-and-organized-political-violence/.

941. Jerome P. Bjelopera, Are Antifa Members Domestic Terrorists? Background on Antifa and Federal Classification of Their Actions, Congressional Research Service, June 9, 2020, https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF10839.html.

942. Anne Speckhard and Molly Ellenberg, “PERSPECTIVE: Why Branding Antifa a Terror Group Is a Diversion,” Homeland Security Today 2 (2020), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341926152_PERSPECTIVE_Why_Branding_Antifa_a_Terror_Group_Is_a_Diversion.

943. Erin Keller, “Tyler Robinson’s Grandmother Says Their Entire Family Are Republicans: ‘I Don’t Know a Single Democrat,’” Independent, September 13, 2025, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/tyler-robinson-family-republican-b2825943.html.

944. Heather Cox Richardson, “Letters from An American,” October 15, 2025; see also Brakkton Booker, “Trump Blasts Romney Over Impeachment Vote”, NPR, February 6, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/02/06/803445433/trump-blasts-romney-over-impeachment-vote.

945. Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, trans. George Schwab (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996 [1932]).

946. Jennifer L. Eberhardt et al., “Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87, no. 6 (2004): 876–93, https://web.stanford.edu/~eberhard/downloads/2004-SeeingBlackRaceCrimeandVisualProcessing.pdf.

947. Stephane J. Baele et al., “What Does the ‘Terrorist’ Label Really Do? Measuring and Explaining the Effects of the ‘Terrorist’ and ‘Islamist’ Categories,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 42, no. 5 (2019): 520–40, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1393902.

948. Jacob Shamir and Khalil Shikaki, “Self-Serving Perceptions of Terrorism among Israelis and Palestinians,” Political Psychology 23, no. 3 (2002): 537–57; Baele et al., “What Does the ‘Terrorist’ Label Really Do?” 520–40.

949. Susan T. Fiske and Shelley E. Taylor, Social Cognition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013), chapters on category-based inference and stereotyping.

950. Katerina Dalacoura, Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

951. Richardson, “Letters from an American.”

952. Lisa Stampnitzky, Disciplining Terror: How Experts Invented ‘Terrorism’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), chaps. 5–6; Neve Gordon and Nicola Perugini, Human Shields: A History of People in the Line of Fire (Oakland: University of California Press, 2020).

953. David Corn, “Name the One Political Party Led by Those Who Call for Violence,” Mother Jones, September 2025, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2025/09/charlie-kirk-republicans-gop-violence-democrats-hypocrisy/.

954. Allan Smith, "Charlie Kirk's Memorial Serves as a Conservative 'Revival,' Mixing Calls for Forgiveness and Vengeance," NBC News, Sept. 22, 2025, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/charlie-kirk-funeral-conservative-revival-rcna232823; Charlie Kirk, “Devon Archer on Capitol Hill + A Trans Tragedy + American Ethnic Cleansing,” The Charlie Kirk Show, July 24, 2023, video, 6:30, https://rumble.com/v32205i-devon-archer-on-capitol-hill-a-trans-tragedy-american-ethnic-cleansing-rubi.html.

955. Benjamin Weiser, Michael S. Schmidt, and William K. Rashbaum, "Steve Bannon Loses Lawyer After Suggesting Beheading of Fauci," New York Times, Nov. 6, 2020; https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/06/nyregion/bannon-lawyer-beheading.html.

956. Em Steck and Andrew Kaczynski, "Marjorie Taylor Greene indicated support for executing prominent Democrats in 2018 and 2019 before running for Congress," CNN, Jan 27, 2021, https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/26/politics/marjorie-taylor-greene-democrats-violence/index.html; Reis Thebault, “Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene’s Endorsement of Conspiracy Theories, Violence Sparks Calls for Her Resignation—Again,” Washington Post, January 27, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/26/marjorie-taylor-greene-facebook-violence/.

957. Amanda Macias, "Trump and GOP Rep. Gosar Suggest Joint Chiefs Boss Mark Milley Deserves Death," CNBC, Sep 25 2023, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/25/trump-paul-gosar-suggest-gen-mark-milley-deserves-death.html; Savannah Kuchar, “Milley Taking ‘Safety Precautions’ after Trump Suggests He’s a Traitor Who Deserves Death Penalty,” USA Today, September 28, 2023, https://www.yahoo.com/news/milley-taking-safety-precautions-trump-155014524.html.

958. U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, Final Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, H. Rept. 117-663 (Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office, 2022), 38–39, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf; Luke Mogelson, "Among the Insurrectionists," New Yorker, January 15, 2021, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/01/25/among-the-insurrectionists.

959. Anne Applebaum, Autocracy, Inc.: The Dictators Who Want to Run the World (New York: Doubleday, 2024), esp. chaps. 1–3.

960. Joyce Vance, Giving Up Is Unforgivable: Defending Democracy in the Age of Trump (New York: Harper, 2024), chapters on normalization of exceptionalism and internal enemies.

961. Steven Hassan, The Cult of Trump (New York: Free Press, 2019), chaps. 6–8 on fear narratives and in-group/out-group consolidation.

962. Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2015), esp. sections on criminalization and state violence; see also Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Case for Reparations,” Atlantic, June 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/.

963. Nick Estes, Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock Versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance (London: Verso, 2019); American Civil Liberties Union, “Suppressing Protest: Human Rights Violations in the U.S. Response to Standing Rock,” 2017, https://www.ohchr.org/en/meeting-summaries/2016/11/native-americans-facing-excessive-force-north-dakota-pipeline-protests-un.

964. Diala Shamas and Nermeen Arastu, “Mapping Muslims: NYPD Spying and Its Impact on American Muslims,” 2013, https://www.law.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/page-assets/academics/clinics/immigration/clear/Mapping-Muslims.pdf.

965. Dickerson, “We Need to Take Away Children”; Wong TK, Kang SD, Valdivia C, Espino J, Gonzalez M, Peralta E. How Interior Immigration Enforcement Affects Trust in Law Enforcement. Perspectives on Politics. 2021;19(2):357-370. doi:10.1017/S1537592719003943.

966. Annie Karni and Maggie Haberman, “Trump Tells Congresswomen to ‘Go Back’ to the Countries They Came From,” New York Times, July 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/14/us/politics/trump-twitter-squad-congress.html.

967. Jessica Taylor. “Trump Calls For 'Total and Complete Shutdown of Muslims Entering' U.S.” NPR, December 7, 2015., https://www.npr.org/2015/12/07/458836388/trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-u-s.

968. Barbara Sprunt, “Tennessee GOP Rep says Muslims ‘don’t belong in American society,’” NPR, March 9, 2026, https://www.npr.org/2026/03/09/g-s1-113033/tennessee-gop-rep-says-muslims-dont-belong-in-american-society.

969. Brandon Gill (@realBrandonGill), post on X, https://x.com/realBrandonGill/status/2032289997936578673?s=20.

970. Randy Fine (@RepFine), post on X, https://x.com/RepFine/status/2023161539897720931?s=20.

971. “Enoch Powell's 'Rivers of Blood' speech.” https://anth1001.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/enoch-powell_speech.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2026.

972. “Full Text: Senator Fraser Anning's Maiden Speech.”, August 14, 2018, https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/full-text-senator-fraser-annings-maiden-speech/8shbk54k6.

973. “Jean-Marie Le Pen et l’intox de l’invasion migratoire,” L’Union, May 24, 2014, https://www.lunion.fr/art/accueil/jean-marie-le-pen-et-l-intox-de-l-invasion-migratoire-ia0b0n352083.

974. Chester M. Pierce, “Offensive Mechanisms,” in The Black Seventies, ed. Floyd B. Barbour (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1970), 265–82; See also Derald Wing Sue et al., “Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Implications for Clinical Practice,” American Psychologist 62, no. 4 (2007): 271–86, https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271

975. Derald Wing Sue, and Lisa Spanierman. Microaggressions in Everyday Life. (John Wiley & Sons, 2020).

976. Nick Haslam, “Dehumanization: An Integrative Review,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (2006): 252–64, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4.

977. Derald Wing Sue and Lisa Spanierman. Microaggressions in Everyday Life. (John Wiley & Sons, 2020).

978. Emile Bruneau et al., “Interventions Highlighting Hypocrisy Reduce Collective Blame of Muslims for Individual Acts of Violence and Assuage Anti-Muslim Hostility,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 3 (2018): 430–48, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217744197.

979. Indiana Attorney General, “Education Liberty,” https://www.in.gov/attorneygeneral/education-liberty/.

980. Jonathan Shorman, “Republican Push for Tips on Charlie Kirk Posts Drives Firings of Public Workers,” Stateline, September 26, 2025, https://stateline.org/2025/09/26/republican-push-for-tips-on-charlie-kirk-posts-drives-firings-of-public-workers/.

981. Praveena Somasundaram and Dan Rosenzweig-Ziff, “Indiana AG’s Site to Report School Content Ignites Fear for Teachers,” Washington Post, February 14, 2024, https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/02/14/indiana-education-portal-parent-complaints/; Christa Dutton, “Indiana Required Colleges to Accept Complaints Against Instructors. Here’s How Many They Got,” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 1, 2025, https://www.chronicle.com/article/indiana-required-colleges-to-accept-complaints-against-instructors-heres-how-many-they-got.

982. EthicsPoint, https://secure.ethicspoint.com/domain/media/en/gui/42020/index.html.

983. Mike Morath, letter to Texas public school district superintendents, September 12, 2025, quoted in Texas American Federation of Teachers v. Texas Education Agency and Mike Morath, Plaintiff’s Original Complaint, no. 1:26-cv-00024 (W.D. Tex., filed January 6, 2026), 9, https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/teachers-union-sues-tx-education-agency-over-charlie-kirk-social-media-policy.pdf.

984. Anastasios Kamoutsas, “Upholding Professional Conduct and Ethical Responsibilities,” memorandum to school district superintendents, Florida Department of Education, September 11, 2025, https://www.fldoe.org/file/5673/ProConductEthicalRes.pdf.

985.Kanishka Singh, “Teachers’ Union Sues Texas over Probes of Online Posts after Charlie Kirk Murder,” Reuters, January 6, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/teachers-union-sues-texas-over-probes-of-online-posts-after-charlie-kirk-murder-2026-01-06/.

986. Lebowitz, “Federal Employees Are Told to Name Colleagues.”

987. Laura Meckler et al., “Teachers Are Losing Jobs as Conservatives Target Lessons, Speech They Dislike,” Washington Post, September 20, 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2025/09/20/conservatives-target-teachers-free-speech/,

988. Jessica Priest et al., “How a Secret Recording of a Gender Identity Lecture Upended Texas A&M,” Texas Tribune, September 19, 2025, https://www.texastribune.org/2025/09/19/texas-a-m-welsh-firing-professor-gender-mccoul/.

989. Megan Brand, “Federal Employees Are Told to Name Colleagues Who Work in DEI Roles or Risk ‘Adverse Consequences,’” NBC News, January 23, 2025, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/federal-workers-told-name-dei-colleagues-risk-adverse-consequences-rcna188871.

990. Jennifer Wadsworth, “Politically Motivated ICE Hotline Turns Neighbors, Friends and Even Spouses into Informants,” San Jose Inside, October 18, 2017, https://www.sanjoseinside.com/news/politically-motivated-ice-hotline-turns-neighbors-spouses-and-even-strangers-into-informants/.

991. Drew Harwel, “He Made a Fake ICE Deportation Tip Line. Then a Kindergarten Teacher Called,” Washington Post, February 20, 2026, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2026/02/20/fake-ice-tip-line-viral/.

992. Facebook post, https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18G4K9gPuG/.

993. “Neighbors Form Human Chain to Stop ICE from Arresting Man,” ABC7 Chicago, https://abc7chicago.com/post/neighbors-form-human-chain-to-stop-ice-from-arresting-man-/5414134/.

994. Alex V. Hernandez, “In Little Village, Residents Are Blowing Actual Whistles to Warn Neighbors about ICE,” Block Club Chicago, September 17, 2025, https://blockclubchicago.org/2025/09/17/in-little-village-residents-are-blowing-actual-whistles-to-warn-neighbors-about-ice/.

995. Davis and Shear, “Trump Calls Some Immigrants ‘Animals’.”

996. Randall L. Bytwerk, Julius Streicher: Nazi Editor of the Notorious Anti-Semitic Newspaper Der Stürmer (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001); see also the German Propaganda Archive, Calvin University, collections of Der Stürmer caricatures and imagery, https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/sturm28.htm.

997. Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness.

998. Phillip Atiba Goff et al., “Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization, and Contemporary Consequences,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 2 (2008): 292–306, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292.

999. David Livingstone Smith, Less Than Human: Why We Demean, Enslave, and Exterminate Others (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2011).

1000. Josiah C. Nott and George R. Gliddon, Types of Mankind; or, Ethnological Researches, Based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon Their Natural, Geographical, Philological, and Biblical History, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854), 81, 96, https://archive.org/stream/typesmankindore01pattgoog/typesmankindore01pattgoog_djvu.txt

1001. Phillip Atiba Goff et al., “Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization, and Contemporary Consequences,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 2 (2008): 292–93, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-00466-008; National Museum of African American History and Culture, “Popular and Pervasive Stereotypes of African Americans,” accessed July 11, 2025, https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/popular-and-pervasive-stereotypes-african-americans.

1002. Abby Phillip, “Abby Phillip Breaks Down the History of Racist Imagery After Trump Video,” CNN, February 6, 2026, https://edition.cnn.com/2026/02/06/politics/video/abby-phillip-breaks-down-the-history-of-racist-imagery-after-trump-video.

1003. Goff et al., “Not Yet Human,” 292–93, 302–5; Jim Crow Museum, Ferris State University, “The Brute Caricature,” accessed July 11, 2025, https://jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu/brute/homepage.htm; Jim Crow Museum, Ferris State University, “New Racist Forms,” accessed July 11, 2026, https://jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu/newforms/homepage.htm.

1004. Phillip, “Breaks Down the History of Racist Imagery.”

1005. Sedria Renee. “W.Va. Officials Resign After Michelle Obama 'Ape in Heels' Comment," NBC News, Nov. 16, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/w-va-mayor-resigns-after-calling-michelle-obama-ape-heels-n684351 ; Shirley Anne Tate, “Michelle Obama’s Arms: Race, Respectability, and Class Privilege,” Comparative American Studies 10, nos. 2–3 (2012): 226–38, https://doi.org/10.1179/1477570012Z.00000000017; Mia Moody, “New Media—Same Stereotypes: An Analysis of Social Media Depictions of President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama,” NMEDIAC: The Journal of New Media & Culture, Summer 2012, https://www.ibiblio.org/nmediac/summer2012/Articles/obama_facebook.html; Mark Sweney, “Michelle Obama ‘Racist’ Picture That Is Topping Google Images Removed,” Guardian, November 25, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/25/michelle-obama-google-images-removed; Jeffrey Brown, “Michelle Obama’s Ancestry Reveals Intriguing Slave Tale,” PBS NewsHour, October 8, 2009, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/michelle-obamas-ancestry-reveals-intriguing-slave-tale.

1006. Sewell Chan and Jeremy W. Peters. “Chimp-Stimulus Cartoon Raises Racism Concerns.” New York Times, February 18, 2009, https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/chimp-stimulus-cartoon-raises-racism-concerns/.

1007. Wulf D. Hund and Charles W. Mills, “Comparing Black People to Monkeys Has a Long, Dark Simian History,” The Conversation, February 29, 2016, https://theconversation.com/comparing-black-people-to-monkeys-has-a-long-dark-simian-history-55102.

1008. Max Matza, “Obama Addresses Racist Video Shared by Trump Depicting Him as an Ape,” BBC, February 15, 2026, https://www.BBC.com/news/articles/c74754j7qwgo.

1009. Phillip Atiba Goff et al., “Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization, and Contemporary Consequences,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 2 (2008): 292–306, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292.

1010. Wilkerson, Caste.

1011. Jaffrelot, Modi’s India.

1012. B’Tselem and Human Rights Watch, reports on dehumanizing rhetoric by Israeli officials during periods of military escalation (2023–2024).

1013.Isabel Kershner, Aaron Boxerman and Hiba Yazbek, “Israel Orders ‘Complete Siege’ of Gaza,” New York Times, October 9, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-siege-hamas.html.

1014. See this testimony of one of the children who survived, as reported by CNN, https://www.instagram.com/reels/DV9pST5j6oB/; as another example of Israelis randomly calling Palestinians dogs, see the reels of Hamza Saadah, https://www.facebook.com/reel/1199017915523739.

1015. Hadar Gil-Ad, “MK Almog’s Poison Spills Downward,” Ynet, February 22, 2023, https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/by1ufv7rj.

1016. Glenn Thrush and Maggie Haberman, “Trump Gives White Supremacists an Unequivocal Boost,” New York Times, August 15, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/us/politics/trump-charlottesville-white-nationalists.html.

1017. Wodak, Politics of Fear (chapter on biological metaphors and reproduction).

1018. Alexandra Minna Stern, Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).

1019. Leo Chavez, The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013).

1020. Wilkerson, Caste.

1021. Stern, Eugenic Nation.

1022. Dorothy Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (Vintage Books, 1997).

1023. Caitlin Dickerson, “We Need to Take Away Children”; Human Rights Watch, October 7, 2020, https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/12/16/we-need-take-away-children/zero-accountability-six-years-after-zero-tolerance; Office of Inspector General, “DHS Lacked Technology Needed to Successfully Account for Separated Migrant Families U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Nov 25, 2019, https://tracreports.org/tracker/dynadata/2019_12/OIG-20-06-Nov19.pdf.

1024. Lisa Oskie and Mindy J. Roseman, “Contemporary Human Rights Violations in Female Sterilization Care: Legal and Ethical Considerations When Coerced Patients Do Consent,” Monash Bioethics Review 43, no. 2 (2025): 268–88, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-025-00240-7.

1025. Julie K. Brown, “Her Reporting Exposed Epstein. She Tells NPR Why Documents Naming Powerful Men Matter,” interview, All Things Considered, NPR, January 4, 2024, https://www.npr.org/2024/01/04/1222857174/jeffrey-epstein-julie-k-brown-documents-clinton-trump-prince-andrew.

1026. Brian Stelter, “Limbaugh Apologizes for Attack on Student in Birth Control Furor,” New York Times, March 3, 2012, https://archive.nytimes.com/thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/03/rush-limbaugh-apologizes-for-verbal-attack/.

1027. Florence E. Enock and Harriet Over, “Animalistic Slurs Increase Harm by Changing Perceptions of Social Desirability,” Royal Society Open Science 10, no. 7 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.230203; Nick Haslam, “Dehumanization: An Integrative Review,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.230203.

1028. Albert Bandura, “Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, no. 3 (1999): 193–209, https://www.antoniocasella.eu/nume/Bandura_1999.pdf.

1029. Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Smith, Less Than Human.

1030. Florence E. Enock and Harriet Over, “Animalistic Slurs Increase Harm.”

1031. Florence E. Enock and Harriet Over, “Animalistic Slurs Increase Harm.”

1032. Wilkerson, Caste.

1033. Smith, Less Than Human; Wodak, Politics of Fear; Staub, The Roots of Evil.

1034. Elgin, Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense, chapters on dehumanizing language.

1035. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Defining the Enemy,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed August 8, 2025, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/defining-the-enemy. See also United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Der Ewige Jude,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed August 8, 2025, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/der-ewige-jude

1036. Der Ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew), directed by Fritz Hippler (Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 1940); Susan Tegel, Nazis and the Cinema (London: Continuum, 2007), 110–25.

1037. George L. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), chapters on biological metaphors and racial ideology.

1038. Victor Klemperer, The Language of the Third Reich: LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii, trans. Martin Brady (London and New York: Continuum, 2006), chap. 2, “Prelude”; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Nazi Propaganda,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed July 11, 2026, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-propaganda. Klemperer argued that repeated language could govern people’s feelings and work like unnoticed doses of poison. The museum asserts that Nazi propaganda was intended to shape public opinion and behavior, incited hatred, fostered indifference, encouraged passivity, motivated perpetrators, and secured the acquiescence of millions of bystanders.

1039. Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006); United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Propaganda Poster: ‘Jews Are Lice: They Cause Typhus,’” Experiencing History: Holocaust Sources in Context, accessed July 11, 2026, https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/propaganda-poster-jews-are-lice-they-cause-typhus; Yad Vashem, “The Eternal Jew,” film catalog entry, accessed July 11, 2026, https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/movies/100890. The museum documents Nazi portrayals of Jews as vermin, parasites, and diseases that threatened the health of the “national community.” It also explains that the typhus imagery was used to rationalize Jewish isolation and ghettoization. Yad Vashem describes The Eternal Jew as juxtaposing Jews with rats and presenting their supposed “rat-like behavior” in order to legitimize exclusion.

1040. Arvi Sepp, “Stigma and Performance: Victor Klemperer’s Language-Critical Reflections on Anti-Semitic Hate Speech,” in New Literary and Linguistic Perspectives on the German Language, National Socialism, and the Shoah, ed. Peter Davies and Andrea Hammel, Edinburgh German Yearbook 8 (Boydell & Brewer, 2014), 89–104, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781782044642.007, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781782044642.007.

1041. Smith, Less Than Human, chap. 6.

1042. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Incitement to Genocide in International Law,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed August 8, 2025, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/incitement-to-genocide-in-international-law.

1043. Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), broadcast transcripts, 1993–1994, quoted in Alison Des Forges, Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999), 65–67.

1044. Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), chaps. 6–7.

1045. Trip Gabriel, “Trump Escalates Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric With ‘Poisoning the Blood’ Comment,” New York Times, October 5, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/05/us/politics/trump-immigration-rhetoric.html.

1046. Marianne LeVine, “Trump calls political enemies ‘vermin,’ echoing dictators Hitler, Mussolini,” Washington Post, November 13, 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/12/trump-rally-vermin-political-opponents/.

1047. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution.

1048. Matthew J. Goodwin and Oliver Heath, “The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of the Result,” Political Quarterly 87, no. 3 (2016): 323–32, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12285.

1049. Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989), 91–92; Rony Blum, Gregory H. Stanton, Shira Sagi, and Elihu D. Richter, “‘Ethnic Cleansing’ Bleaches the Atrocities of Genocide,” European Journal of Public Health 18, no. 2 (2008): 204–9, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckm011; Jacques Sémelin, Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide, trans. Cynthia Schoch (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007)/.

1050. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution.

1051. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge, 1966).

1052. Smith, Less Than Human; Wodak, Politics of Fear; Staub, The Roots of Evil.

1053. Anna Szilágyi, “Dangerous Metaphors: How Dehumanizing Rhetoric Works,” Dangerous Speech Project, March 9, 2018, https://www.dangerousspeech.org/libraries/dangerous-metaphors-how-dehumanizing-rhetoric-works.

1054. Quoted in Kathleen Taylor, Cruelty: Human Evil and the Brain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 59.

1055. Tamar Pileggi, “Khamenei: Israel a ‘Cancerous Tumor’ That ‘Must Be Eradicated,’” Times of Israel, June 4, 2018, https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-israel-a-cancerous-tumor-that-must-be-eradicated/.

1056. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, artifact describing Nazi propaganda portraying Jews as “cancer” on the German body, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/artifact/antisemitic-poster.

1057. Smith, Less Than Human, chapters on dehumanization and exterminatory logic.

1058. Annie Karni, “Attack on Ilhan Omar Follows Years of Trump’s Targeting Her,” New York Times, January 28, 2026, https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/28/us/politics/ilhan-omar-trump-attack.html.

1059. Karni, “Attack on Ilhan Omar Follows Years of Trump’s Targeting Her.”

1060. Erin Hale and News Agencies, “Minnesota Representative Ilhan Omar Attacked During Town Hall Meeting,” Al Jazeera, January 28, 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/28/minnesota-representative-ilhan-omar-attacked-during-town-hall-meeting.

1061. Peter Cox, “One Day after Attack, Rep. Ilhan Omar Says Fear and Intimidation Don’t Work on Her,” NPR, January 29, 2026, https://www.npr.org/2026/01/29/nx-s1-5691876/one-day-after-attack-rep-ilhan-omar-says-fear-and-intimidation-dont-work-on-her.

1062. Wodak, Politics of Fear.

1063. Smith, Less Than Human, chapters on metaphor enactment and moral disengagement.

1064. Taylor, Cruelty.

1065. Anna Betts, “From ‘Criminals’ to ‘Garbage’, Trump Is Ramping Up Anti-Immigrant Language,” Guardian, December 6, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/dec/06/trump-anti-immigrant-language.

1066. Brett Samuels, “Trump Blasts ‘Never Trump’ Republicans as ‘Human Scum,’” The Hill, October 23, 2019, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/467131-trump-blasts-never-trump-republicans-as-human-scum/; Michelle Stoddart and David Brennan, “Trump Says MOU Is ‘Over,’ Calls Iranian Leaders ‘Scum’ following Latest Strikes,” ABC News, July 8, 2026, https://abcnews.go.com/International/trump-mou-calls-iranian-leaders-scum-latest-strikes/story?id=134576539.

1067. Julie Hirschfeld Davis et al., “Trump Alarms Lawmakers with Disparaging Words for Haiti and Africa,” New York Times, January 11, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/11/us/politics/trump-shithole-countries.html.

1068. Amanda Terkel and Megan Brand, “From ‘Rapists’ to ‘Eating the Pets’: Trump Has Long Used Degrading Language toward Immigrants,” NBC News, November 2024, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-degrading-language-immigrants-rcna171120.

1069. Jason Bennetto, “Warning to Editors on ‘Racist Reports,’” Independent, December 17, 1998, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/warning-to-editors-on-racist-reports-1191857.html.

1070. United Kingdom, House of Commons, “Home Office Issues,” Hansard, October 26, 1999, https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1999-10-26/debates/dc680a03-8b65-44d5-b6a4-9db05a965ddf/HomeOfficeIssues; Reuters, “U.N. Rights Chief Slams UK Article Calling Migrants ‘Cockroaches,’” April 24, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/un-rights-chief-slams-uk-article-calling-migrants-cockroaches-idUSKBN0NF1N4/; UN Media, “Geneva / UK Tabloids,” April 24, 2015, https://media.un.org/unifeed/en/asset/d134/d1341391; Alibhai-Brown, Yasmin. “Our Asylum Policy Is a National Disgrace.” Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/yasmin-alibhai-brown/yasmin-alibhaibrown-our-asylum-policy-is-a-national-disgrace-1921445.html.

1071. Jaffrelot, Modi’s India.

1072. B’Tselem, Welcome to Hell: The Israeli Prison System as a Network of Torture Camps (Jerusalem: B’Tselem, 2024), https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/publications/202408_welcome_to_hell_eng.pdf.

1073. Elgin, Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defense.

1074. Allison Skinner, “The Slippery Slope of Dehumanizing Language,” The Conversation, May 21, 2018, https://theconversation.com/the-slippery-slope-of-dehumanizing-language-97512.

1075. Dangerous Speech: A Practical Guide (Dangerous Speech Project, rev. ed., 2024), section on “Accusation in a Mirror.”

1076. U.S. Department of Defense, “Operation Iraqi Freedom Briefings,” March–April 2003 https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/centcom_briefing.html; see also Human Rights Watch, Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq (New York: HRW, 2003).

1077. International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts (Geneva: ICRC, 2015).

1078. Jon Haworth and Jack Moore, “Trump Starkly Warns of Potential US Casualties in ‘Massive Ongoing Operation’ to Stop Iranian Regime,” ABC News, February 28, 2026, https://abcnews.com/US/trump-starkly-warns-potential-us-casualties-massive-ongoing/story?id=130590040; Associated Press, “Read Trump’s Full Statement on Iran Attacks,” PBS News, February 28, 2026, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/read-trumps-full-statement-on-iran-attack.

1079. Frank Jack Daniel, “High Civilian Toll in Gaza Is the Cost of Crushing Hamas, Israeli Military Officials Say,” Reuters, December 19, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/high-civilian-toll-gaza-is-cost-crushing-hamas-israeli-military-officials-say-2023-12-19/.

1080. United Nations Human Rights Council, Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine, 2022–2024.

1081. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Viking Press, 1963).

1082. “Israel Has ‘No Choice’ but to Continue Fighting in Gaza, Says Netanyahu,” Guardian,

April 19, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/19/israel-has-no-choice-but-to-continue-fighting-in-gaza-says-netanyahu.

1083. For a more detailed analysis, see Sztokman, In My Jewish State.

1084. Associated Press, “Read Netanyahu’s Full Statement on Iran Attacks,” PBS NewsHour, February 28, 2026, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/read-netanyahus-full-statement-on-iran-attacks; Nayera Abdallah and Menna Alaaeldin, “How Many People Have Been Killed in the Iran War?,” Reuters, March 3, 2026, updated April 10, 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-many-people-have-been-killed-us-israel-war-iran-2026-04-07/; Parisa Hafezi et al., “Heaviest Day of Strikes Yet on Iran Despite Market Bets That War Will End Soon,” Reuters, March 10, 2026 https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/iran-says-oil-blockade-will-continue-until-attacks-end-trump-threatens-hit-2026-03-10/.

1085. Aamer Madhani et al., “Biden Condemns Retaliatory Attacks by Israeli Settlers against Palestinians in the West Bank,” Associated Press, October 25, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/biden-west-bank-settlers-israel-hamas-war-0a2f38878720c962a20d9286315cde94; Voice of America, “The Inside Story—Israel at War, Episode 115 (Transcript),” October 26, 2023, https://www.voanews.com/a/7328610.html.

1086. UNICEF State of Palestine, “UNICEF in the State of Palestine Humanitarian Situation Update,” reporting period February 5, 2026, https://www.unicef.org/sop/reports/unicef-state-palestine-humanitarian-situation-update; United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Occupied Palestinian Territory, “Humanitarian Situation Report | 26 June 2026,” June 26, 2026, https://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-situation-report-26-june-2026; United Nations Satellite Centre, “UNOSAT Gaza Strip Comprehensive Damage Assessment,” October 31, 2025, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unosat-gaza-strip-damage-assessment-31oct25/; Oxfam International, “Daily Death Rate in Gaza Higher than Any Other Major 21st Century Conflict—Oxfam,” January 11, 2024, https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/daily-death-rate-gaza-higher-any-other-major-21st-century-conflict-oxfam; Oxfam International, “More Women and Children Killed in Gaza by Israeli Military than Any Other Recent Conflict in a Single Year—Oxfam,” September 30, 2024, https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/more-women-and-children-killed-gaza-israeli-military-any-other-recent-conflict; Zeina Jamaluddine et al., “Traumatic Injury Mortality in the Gaza Strip from Oct 7, 2023, to June 30, 2024: A Capture–Recapture Analysis,” Lancet 405, no. 10477 (2025): 469–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02678-3.

1087. Bandura, “Moral Disengagement,” 193–209.

1088. Atlantic Council, “Our Experts Decode the Putin Speech That Launched Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine,” February 22, 2023, https://www.Atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-Atlanticist/markup/putin-speech-ukraine-war/.

1089. “The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States,” Official Government Edition, https://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/webdocs/fullreport.pdf.

1090. George W. Bush, address to Congress, September 20, 2001: “Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists,” https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html; Mary E. Stuckey, Defining Americans (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), chapter on post-9/11 inevitability rhetoric; Annabel van Gestel, “’Either You are with Us, or You are with the Terrorists’: A Content Analysis of the News Coverage of George W. Bush’s Speeches on the War on Terror In the Context of American Nationalism,” https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/45939/Gestel_366765.pdf.

1091. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism.

1092. Daniel L. Byman, “How Hateful Rhetoric Connects to Real-World Violence,” Brookings Institution, April 9, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/04/09/how-hateful-rhetoric-connects-to-real-world-violence/.

1093. Gregory H. Stanton, “The Ten Stages of Genocide,” Genocide Watch, 2012, updated framework, https://www.genocidewatch.com/tenstages.

1094. Justin Spike, “Trump Says Ukraine Started the War That’s Killing Its Citizens. What Are the Facts?” Associated Press, February 21, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-russia-trump-war-zelenskyy-putin-7fe8c0c80b4e93e3bc079c621a44e8bb.

1095. Nicholas Riccardi, “How Stalled U.S. Aid for Ukraine Exemplifies GOP’s Softening Stance on Russia,” PBS NewsHour, February 19, 2024, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-stalled-u-s-aid-for-ukraine-exemplifies-gops-softening-stance-on-russia.

1096. Manne, Down Girl.

1097. Arabi, Becoming the Narcissist’s Nightmare.

1098. Sztokman, In My Jewish State.

1099. Patrick Kingsley et al., “Bullet Is Focus of Dueling Investigations in Journalist’s Killing,” New York Times, May 12, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/12/world/middleeast/journalist-killed-palestine-israel-bullet.html.

1100. Patrick Kingsley et al., “How Netanyahu Prolonged the War in Gaza to Stay in Power,” New York Times, July 11, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/11/magazine/benjamin-netanyahu-gaza-war.html.

1101. Donald J. Trump, “Remarks by President Trump at the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States National Convention,” Kansas City, Missouri, July 24, 2018, Trump White House Archives. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-veterans-foreign-wars-united-states-national-convention-kansas-city-mo/; Donald J. Trump, “Remarks at a ‘Make America Great Again’ Rally in Latrobe, Pennsylvania,” September 3, 2020, American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-make-america-great-again-rally-latrobe-pennsylvania.

1102. Byman, “How Hateful Rhetoric Connects to Real-World Violence.”

1103. Mahmood Mamdani, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror (New York: Pantheon, 2004), esp. chapters on culturalized violence and collective blame.

1104. Victoria Shepp, Erin O’Callaghan, and Sarah E. Ullman, “Interactions with Offenders Post-Assault and Their Impacts on Recovery: A Qualitative Study of Sexual Assault Survivors and Support Providers,” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 29, no. 6 (2020): 725–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2019.1660443; Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla, “Convicted Rapists’ Vocabulary of Motive: Excuses and Justifications,” Social Problems 31, no. 5 (1984): 530–44, https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1984.31.5.03a00050.

1105. Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?

1106. Herman, Trauma and Recovery.

1107. Stark, Coercive Control.

1108. Rebecca Campbell, “The Psychological Impact of Rape Victims,” American Psychologist 63, no. 8 (2008): 702–17, https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.8.702.

1109. Sarah Ullman, Talking About Sexual Assault (American Psychological Association, 2010).

1110. Herman, Trauma and Recovery.

1111. Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present (New York: W. W. Norton, 2020).

1112. “Statement by PM Netanyahu,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, October 28, 2023, https://www.gov.il/en/pages/statement-by-pm-netanyahu-28-oct-2023

1113. Deuteronomy 25:17–19.

1114. Sydney Carruth, “Hegseth Condemns Press For ‘Fake’ Coverage of Iran War,” MSNow, Mar. 13, 2026, https://www.ms.now/news/hegseth-iran-war-ellison-media.

1115. Ruud Koopmans et al., “Scriptural Legitimation and the Mobilisation of Support for Religious Violence: Experimental Evidence across Three Religions and Seven Countries,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47, no. 7 (2021): 1498–1516, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1822158.

1116. Library of Congress, pamphlets on antebellum pro-slavery religious arguments; Mark A. Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006).

1117. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).

1118. Laurie A. Rudman and Lina H. Saud, “Justifying Social Inequalities: The Role of Social Darwinism,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 7 (2020): 1139–55, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219896924; Kathi Badertscher, “Social Darwinism,” in 1914–1918-Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War, edited by Ute Daniel et al. (Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, November 17, 2020), https://doi.org/10.15463/ie1418.11484.

1119. “Hamas Leader Yahya Sinwar Depicts Palestinian Casualties as ‘Necessary Sacrifices,’” Foundation for Defense of Democracies, June 11, 2024, https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/11/hamas-leader-yahya-sinwar-depicts-palestinian-casualties-as-necessary-sacrifices/.

1120. Gila Stopler, “A Rank Usurpation of Power: The Role of Patriarchal Religion and Culture in the Subordination of Women,” Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy 15 (2008): 365–97, https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/djglp/vol15/iss1/5.

1121. Jared Piazza and Justin F. Landy, “‘Lean Not on Your Own Understanding’: Belief That Morality Is Founded on Divine Authority and Non-utilitarian Moral Judgments,” Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 6 (2013): 639–61, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500004691.

1122. Quoted in Taylor, Cruelty, 58.

1123. John Ismay and Minho Kim, “Coast Guard Says Swastika and Noose Displays Are No Longer Hate Incidents,” New York Times, November 20, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/20/us/politics/coast-guard-hate-crimes.html.

1124. Benhabib, “The generalized and the concrete other,” 735–56.

1125. Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954).

1126. Staub, The Roots of Evil.

1127. Susan Benesch, “Dangerous Speech: A Proposal to Prevent Group Violence,” World Policy Institute, 2012, https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/646feeef1697362ad70b19d9/66715cec0f03caa323bce4d1_Dangerous-Speech-Guidelines-2013.pdf.

1128. Thomas Zeitzoff, Nasty Politics: The Logic of Insults, Threats, and Incitement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2024).

1129. Andrew Buncombe, “Racism Levels in US Communities Predict How Many Black People Police Will Kill There, Study Shows,” Independent, July 27, 2017, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/police-killing-racial-bias-white-people-us-african-americans-shot-dead-shooting-study-racist-culture-a7863501.html.

1130. Byman, “How Hateful Rhetoric Connects to Real-World Violence.”

1131. Tim Arango Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs and Katie Benner, “Minutes Before El Paso Killing, Hate-Filled Manifesto Appears Online”, New York Times, Aug. 3, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/03/us/patrick-crusius-el-paso-shooter-manifesto.html.

1132. Daniel L. Byman, “How Hateful Rhetoric Connects to Real-World Violence,” Brookings Institution, April 9, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-hateful-rhetoric-connects-to-real-world-violence/.

1133. Alex Smith, “Anti-Asian Hate: Russell Jeung, Lingsheng Li, and Jessica Eng,” GeriPal, August 15, 2024, https://geripal.org/anti-asian-hate-russell-jeung-lingsheng-li-jessica-eng/.

1134. Review summarized in Byman, “How Hateful Rhetoric Connects to Real-World Violence.”

1135. U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack, Final Report, 2022.

1136. Will Carless, “They Spewed Hate. Then They Punctuated It with the President’s Name,” Reveal News, April 19, 2018, https://www.revealnews.org/article/they-spewed-hate-then-they-punctuated-it-with-the-presidents-name/.

1137. Jamiles Lartey, “NAACP to Congress: Investigate Hate Crimes Spike amid ‘Xenophobic Rhetoric,’” Guardian, March 13, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/13/spike-in-us-hate-crimes-warrants-congressional-action-says-naacp.

1138. Boot, “President Trump is Normalizing Racism.”

1139. Tom Jacobs, “Trump’s Election Made Bigotry More Acceptable: New Research Offers a Disturbing Case Study in Shifting Social Norms,” Pacific Standard, February 21, 2018, https://psmag.com/social-justice/trumps-election-made-bigotry-more-acceptable.

1140. Sarah Begley, “White Supremacist and Black Nationalist Groups Both Grew During Trump’s First Year as President,” Time, August 11, 2017, http://time.com/5168677/donald-trump-hate-groups-splc/.

1141. Ilhan Omar, public statement, New York Times, April 2019.

1142. Martin Pengelly, “Gretchen Whitmer: Trump 'Inciting Domestic Terrorism' with 'Lock Her Up!' Rally Chant,” Guardian, Oct 18, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/18/gretchen-whitmer-donald-trump-rally-lock-her-up-michigan.

1143. Post-January 6 Law Enforcement Analysis, Washington Post, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/jan-6-insurrection-capitol/

1144. The White House, “Trump Designates Antifa as a Domestic Terrorist Organization”.

1145. Rachel Kleinfeld, The Rise in Political Violence in the United States and Damage to Our Democracy: Testimony before the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), March 31, 2022, https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Rachel-Kleinfeld-Expert-Statement.pdf.

1146. Brennan Center for Justice, “Election Officials Under Threat,” 2022, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/policy-solutions/election-officials-unders-attack.

1147. Stanton “The Ten Stages of Genocide.”

1148. Alison Des Forges, Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999).

1149. Jamie Tahsin and Matt Shea, Clown World: Four Years Inside Andrew Tate’s Manosphere (London: Quercus, 2024); Lucy Williamson & George Wright, "Andrew Tate Charged With Rape And Human Trafficking," BBC, June 21, 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65959097; Conor Murray, “What We Know About Andrew Tate’s ‘War Room’—As Report Alleges Global Network to Exploit Women,” Forbes, August 31, 2023, https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2023/08/31/what-we-know-about-andrew-tates-war-room-as-report-alleges-global-network-to-exploit-women/; Luiza Ilie, “Influencer Andrew Tate Detained in Romania on Rape and Human Trafficking Charges,” Reuters, December 29, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/influencer-andrew-tate-detained-romania-prosecutors-say-2022-12-29/.

1150. “Who Is Andrew Tate? The Self-Proclaimed Misogynist Influencer,” BBC News, February 27, 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64125045; Tahsin and Shea, Clown World.

1151. “Andrew Tate: The Man Who Groomed the World?” BBC Panorama, BBC, broadcast January 23, 2023, https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001q1n6.

1152. Heidi Blake, “Andrew Tate’s Empire of Abuse,” New Yorker, June 8, 2026, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/06/15/andrew-tates-empire-of-abuse.

1153. Conor Murray, “Tucker Carlson Becomes Latest Champion of Accused Human Trafficker Andrew Tate—Here’s Why Some Conservatives Love Him,” Forbes, July 12, 2023, https://www.forbes.com/sites/conormurray/2023/07/12/tucker-carlson-becomes-latest-champion-of-accused-human-trafficker-andrew-tate-heres-why-some-conservatives-love-him/.

1154. “Fact Check: Clip of Musk on Reinstating Andrew Tate’s Twitter Account Is Altered,” Reuters, March 20, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/article/fact-check/clip-of-musk-on-reinstating-andrew-tates-twitter-account-is-altered-idUSL1N35S16D/.

1155. Candace Owens, “Ep. 70—Is Andrew Tate a Rapist?,” episode 70 of Candace Owens, podcast audio, January 11, 2023, 37 min., Apple Podcasts, https://podcasts.apple.com/za/podcast/ep-70-is-andrew-tate-a-rapist/id1556687660?i=1000593838468; Ryan Smith, “Candace Owens Defends Andrew Tate as Fresh Allegations Emerge,” Newsweek, January 12, 2023, https://www.newsweek.com/candace-owens-defends-andrew-tate-fresh-allegations-emerge-1773209; Shweta Sharma, “Anger as Tucker Carlson Drops Lengthy Interview with Sex Trafficking Suspect Andrew Tate,” Independent, July 12, 2023, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/tucker-carlson-andrew-tate-interview-b2373698.html; Matt Shea, “Andrew Tate’s Alliance with Trump Has Been in the Making for a Long Time,” Guardian, February 21, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2025/feb/21/andrew-tate-trump-administration.

1156. Alice Evans, “Andrew Tate: How Schools Are Tackling His Influence,” BBC News, January 11, 2023, https://www.BBC.com/news/education-64234568; Anna Fazackerley, “Don’t Talk to Pupils about Misogynist Andrew Tate, Government Urges Teachers in England,” Observer, April 29, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/apr/29/talk-pupils-misogynist-andrew-tate-teachers-schools-england; Jennifer Scott, “Labour MP Alex Davies-Jones ‘Bombarded with Death and Rape Threats’ after Condemning Andrew Tate,” Sky News, January 31, 2023, https://news.sky.com/story/labour-mp-alex-davies-jones-bombarded-with-death-and-rape-threats-after-condemning-andrew-tate-12800105; Matt Shea, “Andrew Tate’s Alliance with Trump Has Been in the Making for a Long Time,” Guardian, February 21, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2025/feb/21/andrew-tate-trump-administration.

1157. Nayana Mena. "Online abuse of female journalists a crisis - study." BBC, November 7, 2022, https://www.BBC.com/news/world-63541611.

1158. Kate Manne, “Renee Good’s Murder Was Misogyny,” Substack, January 9, 2026, https://katemanne.substack.com/p/renee-goods-murder-was-misogyny.

1159. Dangerous Speech: A Practical Guide, section on “Assertion of Attack Against Women and Girls, or Children,” https://www.dangerousspeech.org/libraries/guide.

1160. Stephanie Wescott and Steven Roberts, “Andrew Tate’s Extreme Views about Women Are Infiltrating Australian Schools. We Need a Zero-Tolerance Response,” The Conversation, May 9, 2024, https://theconversation.com/andrew-tates-extreme-views-about-women-are-infiltrating-australian-schools-we-need-a-zero-tolerance-response-229603.

1161. Nied, Michael. “Donald Trump Calls Female Reporter ‘Ugly, Both Inside and Out’ after Story on His Age.” People, November 26, 2025. https://people.com/trump-calls-female-reporter-ugly-both-inside-and-out-less-than-2-weeks-after-piggy-remarks-11857480.

1162. Chris Cillizza, “What We Learned from Donald Trump’s Attempted Bullying of a Reporter During That News Conference,” CNN, October 3, 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/02/politics/donald-trump-cecilia-vega.

1163. Marina Dunbar, “Trump Calls New York Times Reporter ‘Ugly’ in Latest Insult,” Guardian, November 26, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/26/trump-insults-new-york-times-reporter-katie-rogers; "'Quiet, piggy': Trump Responds to Reporter after Epstein Question," BBC, 18 November 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/c70j210g4e7o.

1164. Danielle Zoellner and Maya Yagoda, “The Tumultuous History of Donald Trump and Female Reporters,” International Women’s Media Foundation, https://www.iwmf.org/2020/07/the-tumultuous-history-of-donald-trump-and-female-reporters/.

1165. A Mighty Girl, Facebook post, https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CRGbRjCR1.

1166. At Trump’s November 7, 2018, press conference, after Jim Acosta challenged Trump’s description of a migrant caravan as an “invasion,” Trump ordered him to surrender the microphone, called him a “rude, terrible person,” told CNN it “should be ashamed” to employ him, and accused the network of being “the enemy of the people.” The White House then revoked Acosta’s press pass and falsely accused him of placing his hands on an intern who had tried to take the microphone. Video showed that Acosta had merely resisted surrendering it and said, “Pardon me, ma’am.” The White House subsequently circulated an altered video that made the contact appear more aggressive. See Amy B Wang and Paul Farhi, “White House Suspends Press Pass of CNN’s Jim Acosta after His Testy Exchange with Trump,” Washington Post, November 8, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/11/08/white-house-suspends-press-pass-cnns-jim-acosta-after-testy-exchange-with-trump/. For Trump’s exact language, the official transcript is here:

Donald J. Trump, “Remarks by President Trump in Press Conference after Midterm Elections,” November 7, 2018, Trump White House Archives, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-press-conference-midterm-elections/.

1167. Julie Posetti and Nabeelah Shabbir, eds., The Chilling: A Global Study of Online Violence against Women Journalists (International Center for Journalists and UNESCO, 2022), 11, 78, 82–85. In the study’s global survey, 73 percent of women respondents reported experiencing online violence, 25 percent had received threats of physical violence, and 18 percent had received threats of sexual violence. Thirty percent reported self-censoring on social media, 19 percent avoided particular reporting beats, 10 percent had asked to be taken off the air or have their bylines removed, and 20 percent reported offline attacks or abuse connected to online violence. See also Reporters Without Borders, “Watch Out Because We’re Coming for You”: Transnational Repression of Iranian Journalists in the UK (2024), 14. In RSF’s more limited survey of UK-based journalists reporting on Iran, almost 93 percent of women and 86 percent of men reported online threats or harassment; 57 percent of women, compared with 43 percent of men, experienced it at least monthly, while more than 60 percent of women, compared with fewer than 30 percent of men, received messages targeting their gender or other aspects of their identity. Becky Gardiner et al., “The Dark Side of Guardian Comments,” Guardian, April 12, 2016, analyzed seventy million comments and found that eight of the ten regular writers receiving the highest levels of abuse were women, while the ten receiving the least abuse were all men, https://rsf.org/en/watch-out-because-we-re-coming-you-rsf-report-unprecedented-transnational-repression-iranian.

1168. Tuerkheimer, Credible.

1169. Michelle Goldberg, “Trump No Longer Seems Able to Hide His Raw Misogyny. Good,” Slate, June 29, 2017. https://slate.com/human-interest/2017/06/trump-s-misogynist-tweets-about-mika-brzezinski.html.

1170. Michael D. Shear and Eileen Sullivan, “‘Horseface,’ ‘Lowlife,’ ‘Fat, Ugly’: How the President Demeans Women,” New York Times, October 16, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/us/politics/trump-women-insults.html.

1171. Olga Khazan, “The Lasting Harm of Trump-Style Sexism,” Atlantic, November 4, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/how-trump-style-words-hurt/506456/; Bonnie Stabile, “‘Nasty’ Women Beware: Trump’s History of Demeaning and Silencing Women,” Ms. Magazine, January 27, 2025, https://msmagazine.com/2025/01/27/nasty-women-trump/.

1172. Rush Limbaugh, “Does Our Looks-Obsessed Culture Want to Stare at an Aging Woman?” December 17, 2007, http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2007/12/17/does_our_looks_obsessed_culture_want_to_stare_at_an_aging_woman6.

1173. Debbie Schlussel, “Disgusting!: This Is the Show Cankles & B. Hussein Went On,” February 8, 2008, http://www.debbieschlussel.com/3394/disgusting-this-is-the-show-cankles-b-hussein-went-on/.

1174. Alexander Bolton, “Frustrated Female Senators Say Clinton Is Victim of Sexism,” The Hill, February 15, 2016, http://thehill.com/news/senate/269341-frustrated-female-senators-say-clinton-is-victim-of-sexism.

1175. Joe Scarborough, Twitter post, March 16, 2016, https://twitter.com/JoeNBC/status/709909770619248640?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw.

1176. “US Elections 2016: Hillary Clinton Sparks Sexism ‘Shouting’ Row,” BBC News, March 16, 2016, https://www.BBC.com/news/world-us-canada-35820350.

1177. Kristen Erichsen, Douglas Schrock, Benjamin Dowd-Arrow, and Pierce Dignam, “Bitchifying Hillary: Trump Supporters’ Vilification of Clinton during the 2016 Presidential Election,” Social Currents 7, no. 6 (2020): 526–42, https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496520941022.

1178. Meg Heckman, Rahul Bhargava, and Emily Boardman Ndulue, “Powerful in Pearls and Willie Brown’s Mistress: A Computational Analysis of Gendered News Coverage of Kamala Harris on the Partisan Extremes,” Feminist Media Studies 25, no. 1 (2025): 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2023.2280545; Rebecca Coates Nee, “#JoeandtheHoe: Exploring Gender and Racial Stereotypes Used to Discredit Kamala Harris in the 2020 Presidential Election,” Howard Journal of Communications 34, no. 3 (2023): 273–92, https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2022.2160678; Helen Coster, Alexandra Ulmer, and David Morgan, “As Racist and Sexist Attacks Fly, Republicans Grapple with How to Take On Harris,” Reuters, July 27, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/racist-sexist-attacks-fly-republicans-grapple-with-how-take-harris-2024-07-27/.

1179. Peter W. Stevenson, “A Brief History of the ‘Lock Her Up!’ Chant by Trump Supporters against Clinton,” Washington Post, November 22, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/22/a-brief-history-of-the-lock-her-up-chant-as-it-looks-like-trump-might-not-even-try/; Jose A. DelReal and Jenna Johnson, “Donald Trump Can’t Stop Saying Nasty Things about Women. It Could Cost Him,” Washington Post, March 24, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/donald-trump-cant-stop-saying-nasty-things-about-women-it-could-cost-him/2016/03/24/51a0ee82-f1d7-11e5-85a6-2132cf446d0a_story.html; David Morgan, “Trump Disavows ‘Send Her Back’ Rally Chant, Many Republicans Alarmed,” Reuters, July 18, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/trump-disavows-send-her-back-rally-chant-many-republicans-alarmed-idUSKCN1UD2N5/; Jeff Mason and Michael Martina, “Trump Blasts Michigan Governor Whitmer; Crowd Chants ‘Lock Her Up,’” Reuters, October 17, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/trump-blasts-michigan-governor-whitmer-crowd-chants-lock-her-up-2020-10-17/; Helen Coster et al., “As Racist and Sexist Attacks Fly, Republicans Grapple with How to Take On Harris,” Reuters, July 27, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/racist-sexist-attacks-fly-republicans-grapple-with-how-take-harris-2024-07-27/; Jeremy Barr, “Jesse Watters Addresses Backlash over Provocative Kamala Harris Punditry,” Washington Post, August 27, 2024, https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2024/08/27/jesse-watters-kamala-harris/; Joseph Ax, “Trump’s Insults of Harris in Debate Carry Big Risks—for Both Candidates,” Reuters, September 10, 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-insults-harris-debate-carry-big-risks-both-candidates-2024-09-10/.

1180. Khazan, “The Lasting Harm of Trump-Style Sexism.”

1181. “Associated Press. “Trump has long history of offensive comments about women.” PBS, Oct 9, 2016, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-offensive-comments-women.

1182. Cillizza, “Bully-in-chief”.

1183. “11 Times Trump Came for Black Women — and Lost,” BET, accessed 2024, https://www.bet.com/article/trtakz/11-times-trump-came-for-black-women-and-lost; Kerr, Sarah, Ainara Tiefenthäler and Nicole Fineman. “‘Where’s Your Husband?’ What Female Candidates Hear on the Trail.” New York Times, October 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/politics/100000006027375/women-politics-harassment.html.

1184. Oberlin, “The Psychology Behind Name-Calling.”

1185. American Association of University Women (AAUW), How Schools Shortchange Girls (2011); Myra Sadker and David Sadker, Failing at Fairness (New York: Scribner, 1994).

1186. Penelope Eckert, Jocks and Burnouts: Social Categories and Identity in the High School (New York: Teachers College Press, 1989); Barrie Thorne, Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993); Peggy Orenstein, Schoolgirls: Young Women, Self-Esteem, and the Confidence Gap (New York: Doubleday, 1994).

1187. Victoria L. Brescoll and Eric Luis Uhlmann, “Can an Angry Woman Get Ahead? Status Conferral, Gender, and Expression of Emotion in the Workplace,” Psychological Science 19, no. 3 (2008): 268–75, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02079.x.

1188. Deborah Tannen, Talking from 9 to 5: Men and Women at Work (New York: Harper Collins, 1995); Robin Lakoff, Language and Woman’s Place (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975).

1189. Lundy Bancroft, The Batterer as Parent (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2002); World Health Organization, Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women (2012). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-12.36.

1190. Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?

1191. Lenore E. Walker, The Battered Woman Syndrome, 3rd ed. (New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2009).

1192. Mattie Kahn, “Donald Trump Accuses Clinton of Playing ‘the Woman Card,’” Elle, April 27, 2016, https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a35950/donald-trump-woman-card/.

1193. Holly Yan, “Donald Trump’s ‘Blood’ Comment about Megyn Kelly Draws Outrage,” CNN, August 8, 2015, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/08/politics/donald-trump-cnn-megyn-kelly-comment.

1194. Neil Strauss, The Game (New York: HarperCollins, 2005); Kathleen Green et al., “Public Perceptions of ‘Negging’: Lowering Women’s Self-Esteem to Increase the Male’s Attractiveness and Achieve Sexual Conquest,” Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 9, no. 2 (2017): 95–105 https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-06-2016-0235 ; Monika Peplińska, “You Look Great for Your Age, or How Not to Compliment Someone,” Emotions across Languages and Media 275, https://repozytorium.ukw.edu.pl/bitstream/handle/item/8235/Emotions%20across%20languages%20and%20media.%20Linguistic%20and%20cultural%20studies%20analyses.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=282.

1195. Emily Peck, “Everyone Missed a Key Reason There Are So Few Women Leaders,” Huffington Post, October 3, 2018, https://www.Huffpost.com/entry/sexual-harassment-research-women-leaders_n_5bb4cfabe4b0876eda9a2db2.

1196. Jessica Bennett, “But Is She Likeable Enough,” New York Times, Aug 27, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/27/us/likability-penalty.html.

1197. Caroline Hickman, “A Psychotherapist Explains Why Some Adults Are Reacting Badly to Young Climate Strikers,” The Conversation, October 11, 2019, https://theconversation.com/a-psychotherapist-explains-why-some-adults-are-reacting-badly-to-young-climate-strikers-125079.

1198. “Negging Moves Beyond the Bar Scene,” Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/negging-pick-up-artist-meaning, accessed July 12, 2026; Laurie A. Rudman and Peter Glick, “Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women,” Journal of Social Issues 57, no. 4 (2001): 743–62, https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00239; Madeline E. Heilman and Tyler G. Okimoto, “Why Are Women Penalized for Success at Male Tasks? The Implied Communality Deficit,” Journal of Applied Psychology 92, no. 1 (2007): 81–92, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81.

1199. Susan Chira, “Men Need Help. Is Hillary Clinton the Answer?” New York Times, October 21, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/23/opinion/campaign-stops/men-need-help-is-hillary-clinton-the-answer.html.

1200. Misha Wee, “Hillary Clinton’s 10 Most Memorable Debate Moments of All Time,” ABC News, October 12, 2015, https://abcnews.com/Politics/hillary-clintons-10-memorable-debate-moments-time/story?id=34369981; James Fallows, “Rhetorical Questions,” Atlantic, September 2008, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/09/rhetorical-questions/306943/; “TRANSCRIPT: ABC News/Facebook/WMUR Democratic Debate,” ABC News, January 6, 2008,

https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/DemocraticDebate/story?id=4092530&page=1.

1201. Alice Eagly and Linda Carli, Through the Labyrinth (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007).

1202. Mary Ann Dutton and Lisa A. Goodman, “Coercion in Intimate Partner Violence: Toward a New Conceptualization,” Sex Roles 52, no. 11–12 (2005): 743–56, DOI:10.1007/s11199-005-4196-6.

1203. Tannen, Talking from 9 to 5.

1204. Rosalind Gill, Gender and the Media (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007).

1205. Arabi, Power; Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?; American Psychological Association, “Emotional Abuse,” APA Dictionary of Psychology, https://dictionary.apa.org/emotional-abuse.

1206. Susan Heavey and Susan Cornwall, “Trump Calls Female TV Host ‘Low I.Q.’ on Twitter, Gets Panned,” The Wire, June 29, 2017, https://thewire.in/world/trump-calls-female-tv-host-low-i-q-twitter-gets-panned.

1207. MJ Lee, “Clinton Slams Trump, Rebuts His Economic Proposals.” CNN, August 9, 2016, https://edition.CNN.com/2016/08/08/politics/hillary-clinton-donald-trump-election-2016-economy.

1208. Ed Mazza, “CNN’s Kirsten Powers Shuts Down Ex-Trump Aide’s Sexist Dismissal of Kamala Harris,” Huffington Post, June 14, 2017, https://www.Huffpost.com/entry/kirsten-powers-jason-miller-kamala-harris_n_59409f4ae4b0d3185485c8d7.

1209. United Kingdom, House of Commons, Hansard, vol. 622, February 28, 2017, “Point of Order.”

1210. “Democrat Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Addresses Sexist Slur from Republican Ted Yoho,” ABC News Australia, July 24, 2020, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-24/ted-yoho-sexist-slur-towards-alexandria-ocasio-cortez/12488738.

1211. I get this, too. When I posted on social media about the killing of children in Gaza, a rabbi who I thought was a friend responded that I was unhinged. When I responded to a teacher of mine that the material he was sharing in class was disturbing because it overtly encouraged obedience to authority rather than freethinking, the teacher laughed and said I needed to take a “chill pill” and then told the administrator that I was mentally unstable. My own mother, who does not like my political opinions, frequently tells people that I am mentally unwell and that “Elana needs help.” (Judge for yourself.) I think that of all the tactics in this book, this is the one that I have the most personal experience with.

1212. Cecilia Tasca et al., “Women and Hysteria in the History of Mental Health,” Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 8 (2012): 110–19, https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901208010110. The diagnosis of hysteria changed substantially across periods and was not always confined exclusively to women, but it became deeply entangled with medical assumptions about female sexuality, anatomy, and emotionality.

1213. Sigmund Freud, “The Aetiology of Hysteria,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 3, trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1962), 189–221; Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, September 21, 1897, in The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904, ed. and trans. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), 264–266. Freud wrote of his “surprise that in all cases, the father, not excluding my own, had to be accused of being perverse” and questioned whether abuse of children could be so widespread. It is absolutely astounding that he saw all this, was so close to understanding and exposing it, but instead preferred to label all victims as hallucinatory rather than face the truth. Astounding – and also telling. A harbinger of things to come, dynamics and mind games that we are still living with.

1214. Tara J. Frasca et al., “Words Like Weapons: Labeling Women as Emotional during a Disagreement Negatively Affects the Perceived Legitimacy of Their Arguments,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 46, no. 4 (2022): 420–37, https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843221123745.

1215. Jessica M. Salerno and Liana C. Peter-Hagene, “One Angry Woman: Anger Expression Increases Influence for Men, but Decreases Influence for Women, During Group Deliberation,” Law and Human Behavior 39, no. 6 (2015): 581–92, https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000147; Cecilia Tasca et al., “Women and Hysteria in the History of Mental Health,” Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 8 (2012): 110–119.

1216. Joan S. Meier, “U.S. Child Custody Outcomes in Cases Involving Parental Alienation and Abuse Allegations: What Do the Data Show?” Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 42, no. 1 (2020): 92–105, https://doi.org/10.1080/09649069.2020.1701941.

1217. Marssel Michael Sengkey and Shaima Banu Illahibaccus-Sona, “Psychological and Behavioral Impacts of Early Adult Women Victims of Gaslighting Behavior in Romantic Relationships,” INSPIRA: Indonesian Journal of Psychological Research 5, no. 1 (2024): 38–48, https://doi.org/10.32505/inspira.v5i1.7277.

1218. Amy Bingham, “Chelsea Clinton, Sandra Fluke Unite Over Rush Limbaugh Attacks,” ABC News, April 2, 2012, https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/04/chelsea-clinton-sandra-fluke-unite-over-rush-limbaugh-attacks.

1219. Josh Duboff, “Howard Stern Defends Sidibe Remarks by Claiming ‘She’s Going to Kill Herself,’” Vulture, March 11, 2010, https://www.vulture.com/2010/03/howard_stern_defends_sidibe_re.html.

1220. Natalie Finn, “Howard Stern Sorry for Bashing Lena Dunham, Calls Himself a Girls ‘Superfan,’” E! News, January 15, 2013, https://www.eonline.com/news/378691/howard-stern-sorry-for-bashing-lena-dunham-calls-himself-a-girls-superfan.

1221. Shear and Sullivan, “‘Horseface,’ ‘Lowlife,’ ‘Fat, Ugly’.”

1222. “Trump Slights Rival Fiorina’s Looks: ‘Look at That Face!’” Reuters, September 9, 2015, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/trump-slights-rival-fiorinas-looks-look-at-that-face-idUSKCN0RA057/.

1223. Julie Hirschfeld Davis and Maggie Haberman, “Trump Attacks Mika Brzezinski, Saying She Was ‘Bleeding Badly,’” New York Times, June 29, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/business/media/trump-mika-brzezinski-facelift.html.

1224. Gail Collins, “Donald Trump Gets Weirder,” New York Times, April 1, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/02/opinion/02collins.html.

1225. Libby Nelson and Sarah Frostenson, "61 Insults, 39 Women: Trump’s Long History of Misogyny," Vox, Oct 8, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/10/8/13211908/61-insults-39-women-trump-history-misogyny.

1226. Emma Roller, “The Women Who Like Donald Trump,” New York Times, May 10, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/10/opinion/campaign-stops/the-women-who-like-donald-trump.html?_r=0&mtrref=undefined&gwh=EFF0A1378C9425F39E48D1A31CF47BE8&gwt=pay&assetType=opinion.

1227. Tessa Stuart, “Ex-Trump Employee Speaks Out on His Treatment of Women,” Rolling Stone, March 29, 2016, https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/ex-trump-employee-speaks-out-on-his-treatment-of-women-104728/.

1228. Jess Bidgood, “How Trump Has Used Debates to Belittle Women,” New York Times, September 9, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/09/us/politics/trump-debate-women.html; “Donald Trump’s History of Offensive Comments about Women.”

1229. Stuart, “Ex-Trump Employee Speaks Out.”

1230. Kathryn Dill, “Trump’s Tweets About Mika Brzezinski Shine a Light on Workplace Sexism,” CNBC, June 29, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/29/trumps-tweets-about-mika-brzezinski-shine-a-light-on-workplace-sexism.html.

1231. Susan Bordo, The Male Body: A New Look at Men in Public and in Private (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), 195–230; Manne, Down Girl, 78–86.

1232. Manne, Down Girl.

1233. Jeremy Barr, “Trump Faces Criticism for Referring to Female Bloomberg Reporter as ‘Piggy,’” Guardian, November 18, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/18/trump-calls-reporter-piggy-bloomberg.

1234. Beth Greenfield, “How Trump’s Sexist Comments About Beauty Hurt Women Everywhere,” Yahoo, March 22, 2016, https://www.yahoo.com/beauty/how-trumps-sexist-comments-about-beauty-hurt-190731987.html.

1235. Rebecca Schiller, “Attacks on Breastfeeding Mothers Speak to a Far Bigger Online Problem,” Guardian, June 9, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jun/09/breastfeeding-mothers-online-abuse-picture-woman-graduation-web.

1236. Olivia Clark et al., “Weight Stigma and Social Media: Evidence and Public Health Solutions,” Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (2021): 739056, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.739056.

1237. Evan Osnos, “Deliberating Bodies: Sexism and Congress,” New Yorker, August 29, 2014,

http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/deliberating-bodies-sexism-congress.

1238. Paula Cocozza, “Serena Williams: ​‘​Not everyone’s going to like the way I look,’” Guardian, June 28, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jun/28/serena-williams-interview-beyonce-dancing-too-masculine-too-sexy.

1239. Ben Rothenberg, “Tennis’s Top Women Balance Body Image with Ambition,” New York Times, July 10, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/sports/tennis/tenniss-top-women-balance-body-image-with-quest-for-success.html?_r=1&mtrref=undefined&assetType=nyt_now.

1240. The original story by Jason Whitlock, “Serena Could Be the Best Ever, but …” Fox Sports, July 9, 2009, has since been removed from the site. Analysis of this story can be seen in many places, including here: Nicole Barden and Por Alison Bowen, “Serena Is a Champion, Stop Talking About Her Body,” Women’s E-News, July 17, 2015, https://womensenews.org/2015/07/serena-is-a-champion-stop-talking-about-her-body/.

1241. Busranur Keskinkilic, et al., “Newly Released Epstein Files Reignite Scrutiny over Network, High-Profile Contacts,” Anadolu Agency, February 5, 2026, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/newly-released-epstein-files-reignite-scrutiny-over-network-high-profile-contacts/3821822.

1242. Kendall, “Female Athletes Often Face the Femininity Police—Especially Serena Williams.”

1243. Erika Nicole Kendall, “Female Athletes Often Face the Femininity Police—Especially Serena Williams,” Guardian, July 14, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/14/serena-williams-female-athletes-femininity-police.

1244. AFP USA, “Conspiracy Theories about Michelle Obama’s Gender Spread on Twitter,” AFP Fact Check, June 22, 2023, https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33KL9AZ; Michael Rothstein, “Josh Hokit Disparages Michelle Obama at UFC White House Event,” ESPN, June 15, 2026, https://www.espn.co.uk/mma/story/_/id/49074842/josh-hokit-disparages-michelle-obama-ufc-white-house-event; Luena Rodriguez-Feo Vileira, “UFC White House Highlights: Justin Gaethje Beats Ilia Topuria in Trump’s UFC Card,” Associated Press, June 15, 2026, https://apnews.com/live/trump-admin-ufc-fight-iran-updates.

1245. Leeat Ramati-Ziber et al., “The Beauty Myth: Prescriptive Beauty Norms for Women Reflect Hierarchy-Enhancing Motivations Leading to Discriminatory Employment Practices,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 119, no. 2 (August 2020): 317–43, https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000209; Jaclyn S. Wong and Andrew M. Penner, “Gender and the Returns to Attractiveness,” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 44 (June 2016): 113–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2016.04.002; Lara Winn and Randolph Cornelius, “Self-Objectification and Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review of the Literature,” Frontiers in Psychology 11 (January 28, 2020): article 20, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00020; Louis Lippens et al., “The State of Hiring Discrimination: A Meta-Analysis of (Almost) All Recent Correspondence Experiments,” European Economic Review 151 (January 2023): 104315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104315; Perception Institute, “The ‘Good Hair’ Study Results,” accessed July 12, 2026, https://perception.org/goodhair/results/; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Median Weekly Earnings Were $1,204 in 2025,” The Economics Daily, February 27, 2026, https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2026/median-weekly-earnings-were-1204-in-2025.htm.

1246. Jean M. Lamont, “Effects of Body Shame on Poor Health Decisions: The Mediating Role of Body Responsiveness,” Current Psychology 40 (2021): 5936–45, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00528-y.

1247. Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?

1248. Yarmush, Talia Liben. “When Donald Trump Calls One Woman Fat and Ugly, He’s Insulting All of Us.” Forward, 2016, https://forward.com/life/349294/when-donald-trump-calls-one-woman-fat-and-ugly-hes-insulting-all-of-us.

1249. Jennifer Aniston, “For the Record,” Huffington Post, July 12, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/for-the-record_us_57855586e4b03fc3ee4e626f.

1250. Jennifer L. Warnick et al., “Weight Stigma and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Pediatric Psychology 47, no. 3 (2022): 237–55, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab110.

1251. Sandra Lee Bartky, Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression (New York: Routledge, 1990); Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Barbara L. Fredrickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts, “Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 2 (June 1997): 173–206, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x ; Shirley B. Wang et al., “Fifteen-Year Prevalence, Trajectories, and Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction from Adolescence to Middle Adulthood,” Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 6 (November 2019): 1403–15, https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619859331.

1252. Orenstein, Schoolgirls; Peggy Orenstein, Girls & Sex: Navigating the Complicated New Landscape (New York: HarperCollins, 2016).

1253. Chemaly, Rage Becomes Her.

1254. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).

1255. Chaya Rosenfeld Gorsetman and Elana Sztokman, Educating in the Divine Image: Gender Issues in Orthodox Jewish Education (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2012).

1256. Dianne Neumark-Sztainer et al., “Weight-Related Teasing and Emotional Well-Being in Adolescents: Longitudinal Findings from Project EAT,” Journal of Adolescent Health 38, no. 6 (2006): 675–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.07.002 .

1257. Marla E. Eisenberg et al., “Exposure to teasing on popular television shows and associations with adolescent body satisfaction,” J Psychosom Res. 2017 Dec;103:15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.09.014; Rebecca M. Puhl and Leah M. Lessard, “Weight Stigma in Youth: Prevalence, Consequences, and Considerations for Clinical Practice,” Curr Obes Rep. 2020 Dec;9(4):402-411. DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00408-8 .

1258. J.M. Lamont, “Trait Body Shame Predicts Health Outcomes in College Women: A Longitudinal Investigation,” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 38, no. 6 (2015): 998–1008, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26201456.

1259. Morgan Shanahan, “Donald Trump Called a Female Lawyer ‘Disgusting’ For Taking Out a Breast Pump,” BuzzFeed News, July 29, 2015, https://www.buzzfeed.com/morganshanahan/donald-trump-called-a-female-lawyer-disgusting-for-taking-ou.

1260. Martha C. Nussbaum, Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 13–45; Bordo, Unbearable Weight, 165–90.

1261. Bidgood, “How Trump Has Used Debates to Belittle Women.”

1262. Olga Sabido Ramos, “Period Stain and Social Evaluation: The Performance of Shame,” Sociologica 16, no. 2 (2022), discussion on shame as exposure plus hiding, and shame as bodily posture and self-negation, https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/13758.

1263. Olga Sabido Ramos, “Period Stain”.

1264. Wang Xinyu and He Xiao, “Stop Period Shaming: A Campus Movement or Ethical Care?” University of Bristol Legal Research Blog, March 2021, https://legalresearch.blogs.bris.ac.uk/2021/03/stop-period-shaming-a-campus-movement-or-ethical-care/.

1265. Emlyon Business School, “Menstruation: Why Are Some Men Disgusted?” March 17, 2021, https://lifestyle.em-lyon.com/2021/03/17/menstruation-why-are-some-men-disgusted/.

1266. Khazan, “The Lasting Harm of Trump-Style Sexism”.

1267. Michael Barbaro and Megan Twohey, “Donald Trump’s Long History of Degrading Women,” New York Times, October 9, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/us/politics/trump-women-history.html.

1268. Charlotte Alter, “Why All the Controversy about a Black Woman Breastfeeding?” Time, June 27, 2014, https://time.com/2864675/why-all-the-controversy-about-black-women-breastfeeding/.

1269. Jessica Jackson et al., “Negative Experiences of Breastfeeding beyond the Infancy Age of One Year in Public,” BMC Women’s Health 25, no. 1 (2025): 412, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-025-03704-4.

1270. Modos, Alyssa. "Will American Airlines Face Another Turbulent Scandal After Flight Attendants Reportedly Shamed a Mom for Openly Breastfeeding?" Sheknows, July 12, 2023, https://www.sheknows.com/parenting/slideshow/2808177/american-airlines-breastfeeding-scandal/; “Mom Claims Flight Attendant Scolded Her for Airplane Bathroom Breast Pump.” ABC News. October 7, 2015, https://abc7ny.com/post/mom-claims-flight-attendant-scolded-her-for-airplane-bathroom-breast-pump/1019718/.

1271. Rob Williams, “Young Mum Labelled a ‘Tramp’ for Breastfeeding Daughter in Public,” Independent, March 11, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/young-mum-labelled-a-tramp-for-breastfeeding-daughter-in-public-9184587.html.

1272. Schiller, “Attacks on Breastfeeding Mothers.”

1273. Martin-Weber, Jessica. “Stop Discriminating Against Breastfeeding Mothers and Babies.” Change.org, downloaded June 10, 2026. https://www.change.org/p/instagram-stop-discriminating-against-breastfeeding-women-and-children.

1274. “Breastfeeding: Mums Put Off by Public Disgust—Study,” BBC News, August 2, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-62379724.

1275. Daniel White, “Target Employees Defend Mom Called ‘Disgusting’ for Breastfeeding,” Time, June 15, 2016, http://time.com/4369772/breastfeeding-target-connecticut-mom/; Rachel Stockman, “‘You’re Disgusting’: Man Goes Nuts at Woman for Breastfeeding in Target,” Law and Crime, June 15, 2016, http://lawnewz.com/crazy/youre-disgusting-man-goes-nuts-at-woman-for-breastfeeding-at-target-video/.

1276. Aimee Grant, “‘I… Don’t Want to See You Flashing Your Bits Around’: Exhibitionism, Othering and Good Motherhood in Perceptions of Public Breastfeeding,” Geoforum 71 (2016): 52–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.03.004.

1277. “Australian Politician Becomes First to Breastfeed in Parliament,” BBC News, May 10, 2017, https://www.BBC.com/news/world-australia-39853360.

1278. Sarah Kerr, Ainara Tiefenthäler and Nicole Fineman, “‘Where’s Your Husband?’ What Female Candidates Hear on the Trail,” New York Times, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/politics/100000006027375/women-politics-harassment.html.

1279. Nussbaum, Hiding from Humanity, 173–201; Iris Marion Young, “Breasted Experience: The Look and the Feeling,” in Throwing Like a Girl and Other Essays, (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 2005), 189–208.

1280. Ironically, while breastfeeding is seen as disgusting, at the same time women who don’t breastfeed for whatever reason are criticized, judged, and shamed (often by other women!) for not fulfilling their motherly duties correctly (the “breast is best” narrative). So once again, the gendered double standards and excessive policing of women’s bodies leave them in a situation where they can’t win.

1281. Chemaly, Rage Becomes Her, 102–28.

1282. Bethania Palma Markus, “‘Family Values’ Republican: Men Should Be Allowed to Grab Breastfeeding Women’s Nipples in Public,” AlterNet, January 2, 2016, https://www.alternet.org/2016/01/family-values-republican-men-should-be-allowed-grab-breastfeeding-womens-nipples-public.

1283. Daniel White, “Donald Trump Calls Clinton’s Bathroom Break ‘Disgusting,’” Time, December 22, 2015, https://time.com/4158303/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-disgusting-schlonged/.

1284. Nussbaum, Hiding from Humanity; Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982); Douglas, Purity and Danger.

1285. Breanne Fahs, “Mapping ‘Gross’ Bodies: The Regulatory Politics of Disgust,” in Aesthetic Labour, Dynamics of Virtual Work, eds. A. Elias, R. Gill, and C. Scharff, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47765-1_4.

1286. Nussbaum, Hiding from Humanity, esp. 1–23, 173–201.

1287. Sara Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), 82–90.

1288. Robin Givhan, “Hillary Clinton’s Tentative Dip into New Neckline Territory,” Washington Post, July 20, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/19/AR2007071902668.html?hpid=topnews.

1289. “Rush Limbaugh Apologizes to Sandra Fluke.”

1290. “Rush Limbaugh: ‘It’s Such a Great Insult!’”

1291. Nikki Schwab, “Anti-Hillary Buttons Sold at Donald Trump Rally Detail Her ‘Fat Thighs’ and ‘Small Breasts,’” Daily Mail, May 3, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3571662/Anti-Hillary-buttons-Donald-Trump-rally-fat-thighs-small-breasts-call-b.html#ixzz4EBXV8f7p.

1292. Beth Greenfield, “Donald Trump Is a Serial Body-Shamer,” Yahoo, May 10, 2016, https://www.yahoo.com/beauty/donald-trump-is-a-serial-1426027053203510.html; Andrew Kaczynski and Nathan McDermott, “Donald Trump Said a Lot of Gross Things About Women on ‘Howard Stern,’” BuzzFeed News, February 25, 2016, https://www.buzzfeed.com/andrewkaczynski/donald-trump-said-a-lot-of-gross-things-about-women-on-howar.

1293. Marisa Schultz and Nolan Hicks, “Trump Offers Vet a Job Because She Had ‘a Great Look,’” New York Post, March 22, 2016, http://nypost.com/2016/03/22/trump-offers-vet-a-job-because-she-had-a-great-look/.

1294. Nina Strochlic, “The Dumbest Stuff Donald Trump Has Ever Said,” Daily Beast, June 30, 2015, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/30/the-dumbest-stuff-donald-trump-has-ever-said.html.

1295. Ashley Collman, “The Weird Way Donald Trump Talked About Then-Infant Daughter Tiffany’s Future Breasts,” Daily Mail, April 7, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3528887/Donald-Trump-talks-infant-daughter-Tiffany-s-breasts-uncovered-interview-1994.html#ixzz4E8DfTZkV.

1296. “Trump: If Ivanka Weren’t My Daughter, Perhaps I’d Be Dating Her,” YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=diMp241gAcw.

1297. Kaczynski and McDermott, “Donald Trump Said a Lot of Gross Things about Women on ‘Howard Stern’””; see also “Trump on Tits,” https://soundcloud.com/buzzfeedandrew/trump-on-tits.

1298. David A. Fahrenthold, “New Clips Show Trump Talking About Sex, Rating Women’s Bodies, Reminiscing About Infidelity on Howard Stern’s Show,” Washington Post, October 14, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/10/14/new-clips-show-trump-talking-about-sex-rating-womens-bodies-reminiscing-about-infidelity-on-howard-stern-show/.

1299. Tom McKay, “Donald Trump Bid $120,000 for Vineyard Tour with ‘Salma Hayek and Her Breasts,’” Mic, July 9, 2016, https://www.mic.com/articles/148292/donald-trump-bid-120-000-for-vineyard-tour-with-salma-hayek-and-her-breasts.

1300. Bordo, Unbearable Weight, 165–90.

1301. Stella Bugbee, “Howard Stern, Donald Trump, My Dad: Lessons in How Men Talk About Women,” New York Magazine, May 12, 2016, https://nymag.com/thecut/2016/05/howard-stern-donald-trump-dad-objectified.html.

1302. “V&A Apologises after Breastfeeding Mum Told to ‘Cover Up,’” BBC News, August 6, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40843327.

1303. I heard or read this line and it stuck in my head, but I cannot find the source for it. It’s pithy, and I do not want to take credit for writing it. But I also do not know who did.

1304. Emma Cueto, “How People React to Cleavage vs. Breastfeeding,” Bustle, January 20, 2016, https://www.bustle.com/articles/136761-breastfeeding-vs-cleavage-social-experiment-by-joey-salads-show-the-double-standard-for-moms-who-nurse.

1305. Samantha Putterman, “The Misinformation Campaign against Kamala Harris, What You Need to Know,” PolitiFact, October 7, 2020, https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/oct/07/misinformation-campaign-against-kamala-harris-what/.

1306. Kathryn Holland, “How Women Are Harmed by Calling Sexual Assault ‘Locker Room Talk,’” The Conversation, October 28, 2016, https://theconversation.com/how-women-are-harmed-by-calling-sexual-assault-locker-room-talk-67422.

1307. Amnesty International, Toxic Twitter: Violence and Abuse Against Women Online (London: Amnesty International, 2018).

1308. UNESCO, The Chilling.

1309. Manne, Down Girl, 78–96; Gail Dines, Pornland: How Porn Has Hijacked Our Sexuality (Boston: Beacon Press, 2011), 85–110.

1310. Bordo, Unbearable Weight; Jessica Valenti, The Purity Myth (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2009).

1311. Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN), “What Counts as Sexual Violence?,” https://rainn.org/get-informed/get-the-facts-about-sexual-violence/what-counts-as-sexual-violence/; Emily Bernstein et al., “Acceptance of Rape Myths and Psychological Symptoms: The Indirect Effect of Self-Blame,” Journal of American College Health 72, no. 6 (2024): 1641–45, DOI:10.1080/07448481.2022.2086005.

1312. Tuerkheimer, Credible.

1313. William Booth, “Outrage in Britain After Tabloid Columnist Imagined Meghan Naked and Shamed,” Washington Post, December 20, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/12/20/uk-harry-meghan-jeremy-clarkson/.

1314. Booth, “Outrage in Britain”.

1315. Zoe Williams, “Violent Misogynistic Fantasies like Jeremy Clarkson’s Are Not New—but the Sun Gleefully Publishing Them Is,” Guardian, December 19, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/19/violent-misogynic-fantasies-meghan-jeremy-clarkson-sun.

1316. Sibo Chen, “What’s Fuelling the Media’s Enduring Hate Campaign against Meghan Markle?” The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/whats-fuelling-the-medias-enduring-hate-campaign-against-meghan-markle-239906.

1317. Ellie Harrison, " Jeremy Clarkson’s Daughter Speaks out Against Meghan Markle Rant," Independent, 19 December 2022, https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/jeremy-clarkson-daughter-instagram-meghan-markle-b2247749.html; Sophie Zeldin-O'Neill, “Jeremy Clarkson Condemned over Meghan Column in the Sun,” Guardian, Dec 18, 2022, www.theguardian.com/media/2022/dec/18/jeremy-clarkson-condemned-meghan-column-the-sun.

1318. “Elliot Rodger: How Misogynist Killer Became ‘Incel Hero,’” BBC News, April 26, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43892189; Jamilla Rosdahl, “Elliot Rodger: When Sexual Rejection Turns Deadly,” The Conversation, May 27, 2014, https://theconversation.com/elliot-rodger-when-sexual-rejection-turns-deadly-27205; Georgia Arlott, “Incel: The Movement Linked to Toronto Suspect,” Sky News, April 26, 2018, https://news.sky.com/story/misogynist-sect-may-have-inspired-toronto-suspect-11346902.

1319. Rebecca Solnit, “The She Made Him Do It Theory of Everything,” Meditations in an Emergency, January 2026, https://www.meditationsinanemergency.com/the-she-made-him-do-it-theory-of-everything-2/.

1320. Nandita Bose and Steve Holland “In Reversal, Trump Says Russia Attacked Ukraine,” Reuters, February 21, 2025 https://www.reuters.com/world/us/white-house-expects-ukraine-sign-critical-minerals-deal-soon-2025-02-21/; Doina Chiacu and Olena Harmash, “Trump Tells ‘Dictator’ Zelenskiy to Move Fast or Lose Ukraine,” Reuters, February 20, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/zelenskiy-says-trump-is-disinformation-bubble-ukraine-2025-02-19/.

1321. David Klepper, “Conspiracy Theories Paint Fraudulent Reality of Jan. 6 Riot,” PBS NewsHour, December 31, 2021, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/conspiracy-theories-paint-fraudulent-reality-of-jan-6-riot.

1322. Ibid.

1323. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Nicholas Fandos, “Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford Duel with Tears and Fury,” New York Times, September 27, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/27/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-confirmation-hearings.html.

1324. Solnit, “The She Made Him Do It Theory of Everything.”

1325. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).

1326. Kate Manne, “Renée Good’s Murder was Misogyny,” Substack, January 10, 2026.

1327. Sherryl Kleinman et al., “Reclaiming Critical Analysis: The Social Harms of ‘Bitch,’” Sociological Analysis 3, no. 1 (2009): 46–68, https://www.scribd.com/document/517419363/Ezzell-reclaiming-Critical-Analysis.

1328. Maggie Astor, “‘A Woman, Just Not That Woman’: How Sexism Plays Out on the Trail,” New York Times, February 11, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/11/us/politics/sexism-double-standard-2020.html.

1329. Inae Oh, “Read This Frightening Tweetstorm from Donald Trump’s Latest Rally,” Mother Jones, June 15, 2016, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/06/trump-rally-greensboro-north-carolina.

1330. "WATCH: Rep. Ocasio-Cortez's Speech on Standing Up to Sexism and 'Violent Language'," PBS News Hour, Jul 23, 2020, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-verbal-assault-against-women-not-new-and-that-is-the-problem-rep-ocasio-cortez-says.

1331. Jill Filipovic, “The Life and Death of a Woman-Hater,” New York Times, February 20, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/20/opinion/rush-limbaugh-women.html.

1332. Kieran Snyder, “The Abrasiveness Trap,” Harvard Business Review, August 2014, https://web.stanford.edu/dept/radiology/cgi-bin/raddiversity/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/TheAbrasivenessTrap.pdf.

1333. Sarah Appleton Aguiar, The Bitch Is Back: Wicked Women in Literature (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001).

1334. Karen Stollznow, Bitch: The Journey of a Word (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024).

1335. Susan McHugh, “Bitch, Bitch, Bitch: Personal Criticism, Feminist Theory, and Dog-Writing,” Hypatia 27, no. 3 (2012): 616–35, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23254844.

1336. Emily Zemler, “Lizzo Celebrates Her ‘Independence from the Bullshit’ on Feminist Single ‘Bitch,’” Rolling Stone, May 1, 2026, https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/lizzo-bitch-single-music-video-1235556461/.

1337. Kleinman et al., “Reclaiming Critical Analysis.”

1338. Linda Babcock et al., “Gender Differences in Accepting and Receiving Requests,” Psychological Science 14, no. 2 (2003), https://www.jstor.org/stable/44250311.

1339. Lakoff, Language and Woman’s Place.

1340. “Trump calls Biden ‘A Weak, Pathetic Man’,” Washington Post, April 13, 2026, https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/trump-calls-biden-a-weak-pathetic-man/2024/09/10/39c30624-472b-43b0-a49a-1daba751d67c_video.html.

1341. Madonna, “What It Feels Like for a Girl,” YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYwgG2oyUbA.

1342. Michael S. Kimmel, “Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity,” in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994), 119–41; Paula S. Rothenberg with Soniya Munshi, eds., Race, Class, and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study, 10th ed. (New York: Worth Publishers, 2016), 63–66, https://masculinisation.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/macsculinity-as-homophobia-fear-shame-and-silence-in-the-construction-of-gender-identity-michael-s-kimmel.pdf.

1343. Paul Kivel, “The ‘Act Like a Man’ Box,” in Masculinities: Interdisciplinary Readings, ed. Mark Hussey (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003), 69–72, https://paulkivel.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/actlikeamanbox.pdf.

1344. C.J. Pascoe, Dude, You’re a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).

1345. R. W. Connell, Masculinities, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); R. W. Connell and James W. Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept,” Gender & Society 19, no. 6 (December 2005): 829–59, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639.

1346. Michael Kimmel, Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men (New York: Harper, 2008).

1347. Jessica Roy, “‘Cuck,’ ‘Snowflake,’ ‘Masculinist’: A Guide to the Language of the Alt-Right,” Los Angeles Times, November 15, 2016, https://www.latimes.com/nation/ct-alt-right-code-words-20161116-story.html.

1348. Maureen Kosse, “‘Ted Cruz Cucks Again’: The Insult Term Cuck as an Alt-Right Masculinist Signifier,” Gender and Language 16, no. 2 (2022): 99–124, https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.21079; Uygar Baspehlivan, “Cucktales: Race, Sex, and Enjoyment in the Reactionary Memescape,” International Political Sociology 18, no. 3 (2024): olae026, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olae026.

1349. Michael Kimmel, “After Fifteen Years: The Impact of the Sociology of Masculinity on the Masculinity of Sociology 1,” in Men, Masculinities and Social Theory (RLE Social Theory) (New York: Routledge, 2014), 93–109; William S. Pollack, Real Boys: Rescuing Our Sons from the Myths of Boyhood (New York: Henry Holt, 1998), https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315762272-8/fifteen-years-impact-sociology-masculinity-masculinity-sociology-michael-kimmel.

1350. Michael Kimmel, Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men (New York: Harper, 2008).

1351. See Paul Kivel’s “Act like a Man Box,” https://paulkivel.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/actlikeamanbox.pdf.

1352. Ana Swanson, “‘Low Energy’: Trump’s Favorite Insult Holds Uniquely American Appeal,” Providence Journal, February 25, 2016, https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/politics/2016/02/25/low-energy-trumps-favorite-insult-holds-uniquely-american-appeal/32479754007/.

1353. Ksenija Bogetić, “Race and the Language of Incels: Figurative Neologisms in an Emerging English Cryptolect,” English Today 39, no. 2 (June 2023): 89–99; Craig Haslop et al., “Mainstreaming the Manosphere’s Misogyny Through Affective Homosocial Currencies: Exploring How Teen Boys Navigate the Andrew Tate Effect,” Social Media + Society 10, no. 1 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241228811; King’s College London, “Masculinity and Women’s Equality: Study Finds Emerging Gender Divide in Young People’s Attitudes,” February 1, 2024, https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/emerging-tensions.pdf; Ksenija Bogetic. (2022). Race and the language of incels: Figurative neologisms in an emerging English cryptolect. English Today. 39. 89-99. 10.1017/S0266078422000153.

1354. American Psychological Association, APA Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Boys and Men (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2018), 9–13; Zac E. Seidler et al., “The Role of Masculinity in Men’s Help-Seeking for Depression: A Systematic Review,” Clinical Psychology Review 49 (2016): 106–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.002; Daniel A. Cox, “The State of American Friendship: Change, Challenges, and Loss,” Survey Center on American Life, June 8, 2021; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Suicide Data and Statistics,” updated 2026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.002.

1355. David French, “The Unmanning of Conservatism,” Atlantic, January 14, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/01/in-trumps-america-bullying-is-the-new-norm/579667/.

1356. American Psychological Association, “Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Boys and Men,” 2018.

1357. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990).

1358. Kelly McBride, “NPR Described Jeffrey Epstein’s Victims as ‘Underage Women,’ Then Quickly Corrected the Error,” NPR, December 4, 2025, https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-public-editor/2025/12/04/g-s1-100597/npr-described-jeffrey-epsteins-victims-as-underage-women-then-quickly-corrected-the-error; Megan Garber, “The Myth of the ‘Underage Woman,’” Atlantic, August 15, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/jeffrey-epstein-and-the-myth-of-the-underage-woman/596140/; Tracy Clark-Flory, “Jeffrey Epstein and the Oxymoron of ‘Underage Women,’” Jezebel, July 10, 2019, https://www.jezebel.com/jeffrey-epstein-and-the-oxymoron-of-underage-women-1836247451.

1359. Garber, “The Myth of the ‘Underage Woman,’” Atlantic, August 15, 2019; End Slavery Now, “Stop Using the Term Underage Women,” https://www.endslaverynow.org/act/action-library/stop-using-the-term-underage-women accessed March 6, 2026; Elizabeth L. Jeglic, “Language Matters When Talking About Child Sexual Abuse,” Psychology Today, March 4, 2026, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/protecting-children-from-sexual-abuse/202603/language-matters-when-talking-about-child-sexual.

1360. Donald Trump, interview by Howard Stern, The Howard Stern Show, February 5, 1997, Roll Call Factbase, https://rollcall.com/factbase/trump/transcript/donald-trump-interview-howard-stern-show-february-5-1997/.

1361. Garber, “The Myth of the ‘Underage Woman’”; Jeglic, “Language Matters When Talking About Child Sexual Abuse”; Marina Politis et al., “Slang Use in the ICU: We Are Women, Not Girls,” BMJ 376 (2022): 174 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o174.

1362. Trump, interview by Howard Stern, February 5, 1997, transcript archived by Factbase; Full Fact, “Edited Trump Quote Shared with Misleading Claims About Teen Beauty Pageants,” December 18, 2025 https://fullfact.org/us/trump-pageant-quote-reshared/; “The Allegations About Donald Trump and Miss Teen USA Contestants, Explained,” PolitiFact, October 18, 2016, https://politifact.com/article/2016/oct/18/allegations-about-donald-trump-and-miss-teen-usa-c/; Molly Redden, “Miss USA 2001 Contestant: Trump Barged into Room When We Were Naked,” Guardian, October 12, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/12/donald-trump-miss-usa-dressing-room-2001-rehearsal.

1363. Rebecca Epstein, Jamilia J. Blake, and Thalia González, Girlhood Interrupted: The Erasure of Black Girls’ Childhood (Washington, DC: Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2017), 8–10, https://genderjusticeandopportunity.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/girlhood-interrupted.pdf.

1364. Epstein et al, “Girlhood Interrupted,” 4-7; Catalina Carpan, “The Adultification of Black Girls as Identity-Prejudicial Credibility Excess,” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 25 (2022): 793–807, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-022-10324-6.

1365. Michael G. Curtis, Annika S. Karlsen, and Leslie A. Anderson, “Transmuting Girls into Women: Examining the Adultification of Black Female Sexual Assault Survivors Through Twitter Feedback,” Violence Against Women 29, no. 2 (2023): 321–46, https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221083334.

1366. Carpan, “Adultification of Black Girls,” especially 798–803

1367. Center for Gender Justice and Opportunity, Georgetown Law, “Adultification Bias,” https://genderjusticeandopportunity.georgetown.edu/focus-areas/adultification-bias/, accessed March 6, 2026; Politis et al., “Slang Use in the ICU”.

1368. I have experienced this too many times to count. It belittles women’s real knowledge and authority, and gives men permission to push us around. In one organization I worked at, where the writing team I was on happened to be all adult women, we once had a training in a new system for cataloguing our photographs. In the training, we all noticed that there was no space in the system for captions and dates of photographs, which would make the system unusable (including unlabeled photographs in our reports and proposals was effectively worthless). The entire team pointed this out, but the twenty-seven-year-old man in charge whispered to his junior colleague, “Ignore these girls. Just keep doing what you’re doing.” Despite all our experience and knowledge, we were reduced to girls, who were ignorable, whose words and work did not matter even a little.

1369. Jeglic, “Language Matters When Talking About Child Sexual Abuse”; Nia Rocca, “I’m Just a Girl in the World (That’s All You’ll Let Me Be): Exploring Young Women’s Perceptions of Hypersexualization and Infantilization within Experiences of Girlhood,” Women’s Studies International Forum 114 (2026): 103235, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/protecting-children-from-sexual-abuse/202603/language-matters-when-talking-about-child-sexual.

1370. Nadia von Benzon et al., “‘My Doctor Just Called Me a Good Girl and I Died a Bit Inside’: From Everyday Misogyny to Obstetric Violence in UK Fertility and Maternity Services,” Social Science & Medicine 344 (2024): 116614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116614.

1371. Libby Nelson, “Donald Trump Says Women Don’t Like Hillary Clinton. They Dislike Him Even More,” Vox, April 27, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/4/26/11514948/trump-clinton-women; Katie Zezima, “Trump: Clinton Is Playing the ‘Woman Card,’” Washington Post, April 26, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/04/26/trump-clinton-is-playing-the-woman-card/.

1372. Michael A. Cohen, “Trump Has Changed His Tune about Women,” Boston Globe, January 1, 2016, https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/01/01/trump-has-changed-his-tune-about-women/3r7bheUEYOR1FjSV2TmqsL/story.html.

1373. Bill Barrow, “Trump’s Mention of ‘Woman’s Card’ Draws Backlash,” Associated Press, April 28, 2016, https://apnews.com/events-general-news-united-states-presidential-election-b33041aeab014dbdbae504ae5cc9c5d8; Ann C. McGinley, “Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Michelle Obama: Performing Gender, Race, and Class on the Campaign Trail,” 86 Denv. U. L. Rev. 709 (2009), https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1429&context=dlr; Claire Cain Miller, “Many Ways to Be a Girl, but One Way to Be a Boy: The New Gender Rules,” September 14, 2018, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/upshot/gender-stereotypes-survey-girls-boys.html.

1374. Parker and Fahrenthold, “Trump Attacks Megyn Kelly After Debate.”

1375. K. Dolan, When Does Gender Matter? Women Candidates and Gender Stereotypes in American Elections (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014); Danny Hayes and Jennifer Lawless, Women on the Run: Gender, Media, and Political Campaigns (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016).

1376. Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (New York: Crown, 1991).

1377. Tali Mendelberg, The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).

1378. Ewen MacAskill, “Obama Accused of Playing Race Card as Presidential Campaign Turns Nasty,” Guardian, July 31, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/01/barackobama.uselections2008.

1379. Kat Tenbarge, “Trump Doubled Down on His Attacks Against Baltimore and Cummings, Claiming Critics Are Playing the ‘Race Card,’” Business Insider, July 28, 2019, https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-criticism-of-baltimore-attacks-is-playing-race-card-2019-7.

1380. The Opportunity Agenda, “Ten Lessons for Talking About Race, Racism, and Racial Justice,” https://opportunityagenda.org/messaging_reports/talking-about-racism/.

1381. Suzannah Weiss, “5 Gaslighting Phrases Donald Trump Used That Remind Me a Lot of My Abusive Ex,” Everyday Feminism, November 14, 2016, https://everydayfeminism.com/2016/11/gaslighting-trump-abusive-ex/.

1382. Sweet, “Sociology of Gaslighting,” 851–75.

1383. Miranda Fricker, Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

1384. Fricker, Epistemic Injustice; Derald Wing Sue et al., “Microaggressions in Everyday Life,” American Psychologist, 2007.

1385. Olga Khazan, "How Pence's Dudely Dinners Hurt Women, Atlantic, March 30, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/03/pences-gender-segregated-dinners/521286/.

Ashley Parker, “Karen Pence Is the Vice President’s ‘Prayer Warrior,’ Gut Check and Shield,” Washington Post, March 28, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/karen-pence-is-the-vice-presidents-prayer-warrior-gut-check-and-shield/2017/03/28/3d7a26ce-0a01-11e7-8884-96e6a6713f4b_story.html.

1386. Gillian Tan and Katia Porzecanski, “A Wall Street Rule for the #MeToo Era: Avoid Women at All Cost,” Bloomberg, December 3, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-12-03/a-wall-street-rule-for-the-metoo-era-avoid-women-at-all-cost.

1387. Michael L. Brown, “Why the Mike Pence Rule Is as Christian as It Is Wise,” The Stream, November 20, 2017, https://stream.org/mike-pence-rule-christian-wise/.

1388. Ann C. McGinley, “#MeToo Backlash or Simply Common Sense? It’s Complicated,” Seton Hall Law Review 50, no. 5 (2020): 1397–1426, https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/1310/.

1389. Claire Cain Miller, “The #MeToo Moment: How to Be a (Good) Bystander,” New York Times, December 12, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/12/us/the-metoo-moment-how-to-be-a-good-bystander.html.

1390. “Trump Says It’s ‘Very Scary Time for Young Men in America,’” ABC7 New York, October 3, 2018, https://abc7ny.com/post/trump-says-its-very-scary-time-for-young-men-in-america/4394078/.

1391. David Lisak et al., “False Allegations of Sexual Assault: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases,” Violence Against Women 16, no. 12 (2010): 1318–34, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210387747.

1392. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “About Sexual Violence,” updated December 17, 2025, https://www.cdc.gov/sexual-violence/about/index.html; National Research Council, Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2014), https://doi.org/10.17226/18605; U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Select Task Force on the Study of Harassment in the Workplace (Washington, DC: EEOC, 2016), https://www.eeoc.gov/select-task-force-study-harassment-workplace; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2018), 137–38, https://doi.org/10.17226/24994.

1393. Jessica Bennett, “The #MeToo Moment: When the Blinders Come Off,” New York Times, November 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/us/the-metoo-moment.html.

1394. Debbie Ging, “Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere,” Men and Masculinities 22, no. 4 (2019): 638–57, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316845210_Alphas_Betas_and_Incels_Theorizing_the_Masculinities_of_the_Manosphere.

1395. Raewyn Connell, Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987); World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report (latest edition).

1396. Leigh Goodmark, Decriminalizing Domestic Violence: A Balanced Policy Approach to Intimate Partner Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2018).

1397. Joan S. Meier et al., “Child Custody Outcomes in Cases Involving Parental Alienation and Abuse Allegations,” Journal of Family Violence 35, no. 6 (2020): 513–24, https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2712&context=faculty_publications.

1398. Tuerkheimer, Credible.

1399. Joan C. Williams, Bias Interrupted: Creating Inclusion for Real and for Good (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2021).

1400. Stark, Coercive Control.

1401. Allie Griffin, “Harvey Weinstein Uses Same Tired Victim-Blaming Excuse, Boldly Claims Accusers ‘Wanted to Be Part of the Club,’” New York Post, March 10, 2026, https://nypost.com/2026/03/10/us-news/harvey-weinstein-uses-same-tired-victim-blaming-excuse/.

1402. Kathryn Hopton and Susanne Langer, “‘Kick the XX Out of Your Life’: An Analysis of the Manosphere’s Discursive Constructions of Gender on Twitter,” Feminism & Psychology 32, no. 1 (2022): 3–22, https://doi.org/10.1177/09593535211033461

1403. Elisa García-Mingo and Silvia Díaz Fernández, “Wounded Men of Feminism: Exploring Regimes of Male Victimhood in the Spanish Manosphere,” European Journal of Cultural Studies 26, no. 6 (2023): 897–915, https://doi.org/10.1177/13675494221140586.

1404. Michael A. Messner, “The Limits of ‘The Male Sex Role’: An Analysis of the Men’s Liberation and Men’s Rights Movements’ Discourse,” Gender & Society 12, no. 3 (1998): 255–76, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243298012003002; Theresa Iker, “‘Can You Hug Your Child Today?’: Understanding the American Men’s and Fathers’ Rights Movements as Emotional Constituencies, 1960–1995,” Gender & History 37 (2025): 523–33, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12858.

1405. Rina James, “Take the Red Pill, Blame Feminism: Victimization Narratives across the Manosphere,” Men and Masculinities 27, no. 5 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X241266209.

1406. Ging, “Alphas, Betas, and Incels,” 638–57.

1407. Donald G. Dutton and Susan K. Golant, The Batterer: A Psychological Profile (New York: Basic Books, 1995).

1408. Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?

1409. Freyd, Betrayal Trauma.

1410. Faludi, Backlash.

1411. Applebaum, Autocracy, Inc.

1412. Kimmel, Angry White Men.

1413. Manne, Down Girl.

1414. E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump, jury verdict, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, May 9, 2023.

1415. Parker and Rucker, “Donald Trump Attacks Megyn Kelly After Debate.”

1416. Manne, Down Girl.

1417. Spencer Portis, “Brock Turner is a Rapist,” University of Alabama Binghamton, https://www.uab.edu/studentmedia/?view=article&id=776&catid=23.

1418. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Are Women Human? And Other International Dialogues (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

1419. Kristin Bumiller, In an Abusive State: How Neoliberalism Appropriated the Feminist Movement against Sexual Violence (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008).

1420. Elizabeth Bartholet et al., “Fairness and Title IX,” Hannah Arendt Center, Bard College, August 27, 2017, https://hac.bard.edu/amor-mundi/fairness-and-title-ix-2017-08-27.

1421. Tuerkeimer, Credible. Also, in my book, When Rabbis Abuse, I chronicled the systematic ways in which high-profile men accused of sexual assault or harassment receive support from other high-profile men who tend to identify with one another rather than with victims. See also an article I wrote that predated the research for the book, Elana Sztokman, When High-Profile Sexual Predators Find High-Profile Support, Forward, September 1, 2015, https://forward.com/life/320192/when-high-profile-sexual-predators-find-high-profile-support/.

1422. Bandura, “Moral Disengagement,” 193–209

1423. Julia Jacobs, “Amber Heard Testifies About a ‘Pattern’ of Violence by Johnny Depp,” New York Times, May 4, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/arts/amber-heard-johnny-depp-violence.html.

1424. Depp II v News Group Newspapers Ltd and Dan Wootton [2020] EWHC 2911 (QB), quoting Adam Waldman’s April 2020 statement that “Amber Heard and her friends in the media use fake sexual violence allegations as both a sword and shield depending on their needs,” https://www.judiciary.uk/judgments/depp-v-news-group-newspapers-ltd/.

1425. Sunny Hundal, “Johnny Depp was lovable onscreen – it doesn’t mean he’s a nice guy,” Independent, May 6, 2022, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/johnny-depp-trial-amber-heard-memes-b2072072.html.

1426. Michael Hobbes, “The Bleak Spectacle of the Amber Heard–Johnny Depp Trial,” Substack, May 17, 2022, https://michaelhobbes.substack.com/p/the-bleak-spectacle-of-the-amber; Nuñez, Emily, "How YouTube Shaped Perceptions Surrounding the Depp v. Heard Trial." The Clayman Institute for Gender Research, Stanford University, January 30, 2026, https://gender.stanford.edu/news/how-youtube-shaped-perceptions-surrounding-depp-v-heard-trial, Tuerkheimer, Credible.

1427. Lisak et al., “False Allegations of Sexual Assault,” 1318–34.

1428. Bartholet et al., “Fairness for All Students Under Title IX,” 92–115; Abigail Rine Favale, “Campus Sexual Assault and the Credibility Trap,” Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 32 (2021).

1429. Herman, Trauma and Recovery.

1430. In this tactic, too, I have receipts, some very painful ones. Here’s one: In a Talmud class I was taking in what was presented as an egalitarian space, our first topic of discussion was the text about child marriage. The Talmud defends marrying off girls without their consent with the notorious phrase tav l’metav tan du m’lmetav armelu – women (girls?) would rather be with anyone than sleep alone. The Talmudic commentary then goes on to say that in the Middle Ages, marrying off girls under the age of 11 became common as well. I raised my hand and offered a feminist commentary on this text about the variations of women’s consent or lack of, even in today’s time, something I had written a book about two years prior. We tend to think of arranged marriages as one category, but in fact there are different versions of the arranged marriage with gradations of volition by the bride. The transition, for example, from a girl meeting her husband for the first time on the wedding day versus having the opportunity to go out on a date of sorts before the betrothal and give her approval before anything is decided are two very different female experiences, even within the rubric of arranged marriages. My (male) teacher dismissed my commentary with a quick hand flip and said, “I don’t want to hear any of that feminist commentary. It’s not serious.” Like that. My feeling is, if you can’t offer feminist analysis when talking about forced child marriage, when can you? This was in a self-described feminist institution and it was utterly crushing.

1431. Faludi, Backlash; Manne, Down Girl.

1432. Freyd, Betrayal Trauma.

1433. Nuñez, Emily, "How YouTube Shaped Perceptions Surrounding the Depp v. Heard Trial."

1434. Hobbes, “The Bleak Spectacle of the Johnny Depp–Amber Heard Trial.”

1435. Tuerkheimer Credible.

1436. Sarah Banet-Weiser, “‘Ruined’ Lives: Mediated White Male Victimhood,” European Journal of Cultural Studies 24, no. 1 (2021): 60–80, https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420985840.

1437. Daniel Wiessner, “Trump Paralyzes U.S. Labor Board by Firing Democratic Member,” Reuters, January 28, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-fires-us-labor-board-member-hobbling-agency-amid-legal-battles-2025-01-28/

1438. Areeba Haider, “20 Ways the Trump Administration Has Already Harmed Women and Families,” National Partnership for Women and Families, March 4, 2025, updated April 15, 2025, https://nationalpartnership.org/20-ways-the-trump-administration-has-already-harmed-women-and-families/.

1439. Jim Paretti, "White House Terminates National Labor Relations Board General Counsel Jennifer Abruzzo and Member Gwynne Wilcox," Littler, January 28, 2025, https://www.littler.com/news-analysis/asap/white-house-terminates-national-labor-relations-board-general-counsel-jennifer; Daniel Wiessner, “Former NLRB Member Sues Trump Administration over Firing,” Reuters, February 5, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/legal/former-nlrb-member-sues-trump-administration-over-firing-2025-02-05/.

1440. Associated Press, “Lawsuit Claims US Civil Rights Agency has Halted all Federal-Sector Class Complaints,” Boston Herald, July 28, 2026, https://www.bostonherald.com/2026/07/28/eeoc-federal-employees/.

1441. Bidgood, “How Trump Has Used Debates to Belittle Women.”

1442. National Women's Law Center, "Trump’s War on Working Women," National Women’s Law Center x 75 Million Report 2026, January 21, 2026, https://nwlc.org/resource/trumps-war-on-working-women/.

1443. Adrienne E. Adams et al., “Development of the Scale of Economic Abuse,” Violence Against Women 14, no. 5 (2008): 563–88, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208315529; Jennifer E. Swanberg et al., “Intimate Partner Violence, Employment, and the Workplace: Consequences and Future Directions,” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 6, no. 4 (2005): 286–312, https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838005280506; Aline de Serpa Pimentel et al., “Women’s Understanding of Economic Abuse in North-West Tanzania,” Women’s Health 17 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1177/17455065211042180; Janina I. Steinert et al., “‘We Don’t Get Money in Our Own Hands’: Evidence from Focus Group Discussions on Economic Abuse against Women in Two States of India,” BMJ Global Health 8, no. 10 (2023): e012576, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012576; World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization, Understanding and Addressing Violence against Women: Intimate Partner Violence (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012), https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-12.36.

1444. Stark, Coercive Control; Bancroft, Why Does He Do That?

1445. Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990).

1446. Joan Acker, “Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations,” Gender & Society 4, no. 2 (1990): 139–58, https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002.

1447. Michelle Goldberg, “The Playboy President and Women’s Health,” New York Times, July 14, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/14/opinion/donald-trump-women-reproductive-rights.html.

1448. Bidgood, “How Trump Has Used Debates to Belittle Women.”

1449. Carol Tobias, “Great News: Roe Is No More!,” National Right to Life News Today, originally published June 25, 2022, republished January 22, 2026, https://nrlc.org/nrlnewstoday/2026/01/great-news-roe-is-no-more-3/; National Right to Life Committee, “National Right to Life Praises the Supreme Court’s Decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization,” June 24, 2022, https://nrlc.org/communications/dobbs/.

1450. Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 597 U.S. (2022).

1451. Michelle Goldberg, The Means of Reproduction: Sex, Power, and the Future of the World (New York: Penguin Press, 2009); Laura Purdy, “Is Emergency Contraception Murder?” Reproductive Biomedicine Online Vol. 18 Suppl 1 (2009): 37-42. doi:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60114-9.

1452. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 573 U.S. 682, 719–36 (2014), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/13-354_olp1.pdf.

1453. Bordo, Unbearable Weight; National Partnership for Women and Families, “Threats to Women’s Health.”

1454. Bordo, Unbearable Weight.

1455. Goldberg, The Means of Reproduction; Mandy Van Deven, “Controlling the Means of Reproduction: An Interview with Michelle Goldberg,” Rewire News Group, March 23, 2009, https://rewirenewsgroup.com/2009/03/23/controlling-means-reproduction-an-interview-with-michelle-goldberg/.

1456. Roberts, Killing the Black Body.

1457. Stark, Coercive Control.

1458. National Partnership for Women and Families, “Threats to Women’s Health.”

1459. Dan McCue, “Trump Says Women Should Be Punished for Abortions,” Courthouse News Service, March 30, 2016, https://www.courthousenews.com/trump-says-women-should-be-punished-for-abortions/.

1460. National Advocates for Pregnant Women, Arrests and Prosecutions of Pregnant Women, 1973–2023, updated database.

1461. Carter Sherman, “Hundreds of US Women Charged with Pregnancy-Related Crimes since Fall of Roe,” Guardian, September 30, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/30/pregnancy-us-women-crimes-study.

1462. Khiara M. Bridges, Policing the Womb: Invisible Women and the Criminalization of Motherhood (New York: New York University Press, 2017).

1463. Citron, Hate Crimes in Cyberspace.

1464. Susan Estrich, Real Rape (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).

1465. Bancroft, The Batterer as Parent.

1466. Bugbee, “Howard Stern, Donald Trump, My Dad.”

1467. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “About Sexual Violence,” updated December 17, 2025, https://www.cdc.gov/sexual-violence/about/index.html.

1468. Bidgood, “How Trump Has Used Debates to Belittle Women”; Goldberg, “The Playboy President and Women’s Health.”

1469. Bugbee, “Howard Stern, Donald Trump, My Dad.”

1470. Access Hollywood, video recording, 2005, reported in David A. Fahrenthold, “Trump Recorded Having Extremely Lewd Conversation About Women in 2005,” Washington Post, October 7, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html.

1471. Michelle Goldberg, “The Right Is Furious with Liberal White Women,” New York Times, January 16, 2026, https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/16/opinion/republicans-ice-white-women.html.

1472. Manne, Down Girl, esp. chapters on misogyny as enforcement rather than attitude.

1473. M. K. Maas et al., “‘I Was Grabbed by My Pussy and It’s #NotOkay’: A Twitter Backlash Against Donald Trump’s Degrading Commentary,” Violence Against Women 24, no. 14 (2018): 1739–50, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801217743340.

1474. Joseph Rodgers, “Locker-Room Talk: An Exploration of Gender Discourse and Constructed

Identities in Donald Trump’s Presidential Debate with Hillary Clinton,” Innervate 9 (2016–17): 70–77 (there is some debate about whether the Access Hollywood tape lost Trump some supporters. Nevertheless, he won the election, twice); J. H. Rhodes et al., “Just Locker Room Talk? Explicit Sexism and the Impact of the Access Hollywood Tape on Electoral Support for Donald Trump in 2016,” Political Communication 37, no. 6 (2020): 741–67, https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1753867.

1475. Jill Filipovic, “Donald Trump’s ‘P—y’ Comment Is the Root of Sexual Violence,” TIME, October 10, 2016, https://time.com/4523972/donald-trumps-comment-root-sexual-violence/.

1476. Women’s Media Center, “Rape Joke Supercut: I Can’t Believe You Clapped for That,” https://womensmediacenter.com/about/press/rape-joke-supercut-i-cant-believe-you-clapped-for-that.

1477. Brian Logan, “The Rise of the Rape Joke,” Guardian, September 10, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/sep/10/rape-jokes-in-comedy.

1478. Tricia Romano, “Daniel Tosh, ‘Two Broke Girls,’ and The Oatmeal: The Year of the Rape Joke,” Daily Beast, July 12, 2012, https://www.thedailybeast.com/daniel-tosh-two-broke-girls-and-the-oatmeal-the-year-of-the-rape-joke.

1479. Helen Benedict, Virgin or Vamp: How the Press Covers Sex Crimes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994); Keith Soothill and Sylvia Walby, Sex Crimes in the News (London: Routledge, 1991); Rhiannon Lucy Cosslet and Bidisha, “Was the Downton Abbey Rape Scene Acceptable TV?” Guardian, October 8, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/08/downton-abbey-rape-scene-acceptable-tv; Erin Whitney, “‘Game of Thrones’ Director Calls That Controversial Rape Scene Consensual,” Huffington Post, April 21, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/21/game-of-thrones-rape_n_5186691.html; Tanya Horeck, “#AshThicke: ‘Blurred Lines,’ Rape Culture and the Feminist Hashtag Takeover,” Feminist Media Studies 14, no. 6 (2014): 1105–07; Romano, “Daniel Tosh, ‘Two Broke Girls,’ and The Oatmeal”; Tanya Gold, “Heard the One About Rape? It’s Funny Now,” Guardian, August 17, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/17/heard-one-about-rape-funny-now.

1480. S. Lockyer and H. Savigny, “Rape Jokes Aren’t Funny: The Mainstreaming of Rape Jokes in Contemporary Newspaper Discourse,” Feminist Media Studies 20, no. 3 (2020): 434–49, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2019.1577285, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2019.1577285.

1481. Bugbee, “Howard Stern, Donald Trump, My Dad.”

1482. Sarah Banet-Weiser, Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018).

1483. Thomas E. Ford et al., “Effects of Exposure to Sexist Humor on Perceptions of Normative Tolerance of Sexism,” European Journal of Social Psychology 31, no. 6 (2001): 677–91, https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.56.

1484. Ford et al., “More Than ‘Just a Joke.’”

1485. John B. Pryor, “The Phenomenology of Sexual Harassment: Why Does Sexual Behavior Bother People in the Workplace?” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 47, no. 3 (1995): 160–68, https://doi.org/10.1037/1061-4087.47.3.160.

1486. Shannon Ridgway, “25 Everyday Examples of Rape Culture,” Everyday Feminism, March 10, 2014, https://everydayfeminism.com/2014/03/examples-of-rape-culture/.

1487. Ford and Ferguson, “Social Consequences of Disparagement Humor”; Ford et al., “More than ‘just a joke.’”

1488. Banet-Weiser, Empowered, 118.

1489. Jill Filipovic, “Sexism in the Workplace Is Alive and Well: Adria Richards Is Its Latest Victim,” Guardian, March 26, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/26/adria-richards-gets-rape-threats-for-speaking-out-about-workplace-sexism.

1490. Ilene Prusher, “The Radio Raconteur: How Rush Limbaugh Silenced Women,” Ms. Magazine, March 4, /2021, https://msmagazine.com/2021/03/04/rush-limbaugh-silenced-women-radio-feminism/; Susan J. Douglas, Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media (New York: Times Books, 1994).

1491. YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kh62irhYLp4.

1492. Christopher Hitchens, “Why Women Aren’t Funny,” Vanity Fair, January 1, 2007, https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2007/01/hitchens200701.

1493. Sara Ahmed, Living a Feminist Life (Duke University Press, 2017); Sara Ahmed, The Feminist Killjoy Handbook (Seal Press, 2023).

1494. Suzanne Selengut, “Observant Women Break Taboos on Facebook,” Forward, January 22, 2015, https://forward.com/life/213281/observant-women-break-taboos-on-facebook/; Chanel Dubofsky, “Fighting the Israeli Macho: A Chat with Elana Sztokman,” August 20, 2014. Sad postscript: The group closed in May 2021 when the community leaders decided that the movement of religious feminism is self-defeating and often sustains religious patriarchal systems rather than dismantle them. It was a strong cultural force when it existed. Now many hard questions loom in its place.

1495. Rebecca Traister, “The Ugly Truth About the RNC: Donald Trump Is Not an Outlier,” New York Magazine, July 2016,

http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/07/ugly-truth-about-the-rnc.html#.

1496. Traister, “The Ugly Truth About the RNC.”

1497. Susan Bordo, The Destruction of Hillary Clinton (Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2017).

1498. Suzanna Danuta Walters, “In Defense of Identity Politics,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 43, no. 2 (2018): 473–88.

1499. Data and Society Research Institute, Oxygen of Amplification.

1500. Susan Bordo, The Destruction of Hillary Clinton (Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2017), esp. chaps. 1–2.

1501. Bordo, The Destruction of Hillary Clinton, chaps. 3–4.

1502. Filipovic, “Sexism in the Workplace Is Alive and Well.”

1503. David McCabe, “Actress Leslie Jones Returns to Twitter after Online Harassment,” The Hill, July 21, 2016, https://thehill.com/policy/technology/288760-actress-leslie-jones-returns-to-twitter/.

1504. “One Week of Harassment on Twitter,” Feminist Frequency, January 20, 2015, http://femfreq.tumblr.com/post/109319269825/one-week-of-harassment-on-twitter;

1505. David Z. Morris, "Bestselling Feminist Author Jessica Valenti Quits Social Media After Rape and Death Threats Directed at Daughter,” Fortune, July 31, 2016, https://fortune.com/2016/07/31/bestselling-feminist-author-jessica-valenti-quits-social-media-after-rape-and-death-threats-directed-at-daughter/; Leslie Salzillo, “Noted Feminist Receives Rape/Death Threats Against Daughter—Here’s What She and Others Are Doing,” Daily Kos, July 28, 2016, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2016/7/28/1553687/-Noted-feminist-receives-rape-death-threats-against-daughter-tells-Twitter-F-cking-do-something.

1506. Madeline Price, “The Feminist Cupcake Sale That Led to Death and Rape Threats,” Guardian, April 6, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/06/the-feminist-cupcake-sale-that-led-us-into-the-darkest-depths-of-gender-inequality.

1507. Denise-Marie Ordway. "Study shows female journalists face ‘rampant’ online harassment." The Journalist's Resource. August 2, 2018, https://journalistsresource.org/economics/female-journalists-harassment-online-research/.

1508. Bidgood, “‘Where’s Your Husband?’ What Female Candidates Hear.”

1509. Amnesty International, Toxic Twitter.

1510. International Women’s Media Foundation, Attacks and Harassment: The Impact on Female Journalists (2018).

1511. MacKinnon, Are Women Human?

1512. Hess, “Why Women Aren’t Welcome on the Internet.”

1513. Hess, “Why Women Aren’t Welcome on the Internet.”

1514. Citron, Hate Crimes in Cyberspace.

1515. PEN America, The Chilling Effect; Data and Society Research Institute, Online Harassment, Digital Abuse, and Violence Against Women (New York: Data and Society, 2016).

1516. Hess, “Why Women Aren’t Welcome on the Internet”; see also Ordway, “Female Journalists Face Rampant Online Harassment.”

1517. Brian Bennett, “What the GOP Response to the Paul Pelosi Attack Reveals About Our Miserable Political Discourse,” Time, October 31, 2022, https://time.com/6226946/paul-pelosi-attack-gop-response-political-discourse/.

1518. “The Co-Leader of a Plot to Kidnap Michigan’s Governor Gets 16 Years in Prison,” Associated Press,

December 27, 2022.

1519. Emma A. Jane, Misogyny Online: A Short (and Brutish) History (London: Sage, 2017).

1520. Bennett, “What the GOP Response to the Paul Pelosi Attack Reveals.”

1521. Museum of Modern Art, “Marina Abramović. Rhythm 0. 1974,” audio guide for Marina Abramović: The Artist Is Present, https://www.moma.org/audio/playlist/243/3118, accessed July 13, 2026.

1522. Katy Hessel, “Marina Abramović’s Shocking Rhythm 0 Performance Shows Why We Still Cannot Trust People in Power,” Guardian, September 25, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/sep/25/marina-abramovics-shocking-rhythm-0-performance-shows-why-we-still-cannot-trust-people-in-power.

1523. Herman, Trauma and Recovery.

1524. Citron, Hate Crimes in Cyberspace, esp. chaps. 1 and 6.

1525. PEN America, Online Harassment Field Manual; PEN America, The Chilling Effect.

1526. Ordway, “Female Journalists Face Rampant Online Harassment.”

1527. Deborah Cameron, Feminism and Linguistic Theory, 2nd ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), discussion of discursive power and responsibility.

1528. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975).

1529. Nicola Henry and Anastasia Powell, Sexual Violence in a Digital Age (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).

1530. Bancroft and Lombardi, The Batterer as Parent.

1531. Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization.

1532. Lizzie Presser and Kavitha Surana, “A Third Woman Has Died under Texas’ Abortion Ban as Doctors Reach for Riskier Miscarriage Treatments,” Victoria Advocate, November 27, 2024, https://victoriaadvocate.com/2024/11/27/a-third-woman-has-died-under-texas-abortion-ban-as-doctors-reach-for-riskier-miscarriage-treatments/.

1533. Kavitha Surana, “Under Georgia’s Abortion Ban, She Died After Delayed Care,” ProPublica, September 16, 2024, https://www.propublica.org/article/georgia-abortion-ban-amber-thurman-death; Kavitha Surana, “Afraid to Seek Care amid Georgia’s Abortion Ban, She Stayed at Home and Died,” ProPublica, September 18, 2024, https://www.propublica.org/article/candi-miller-abortion-ban-death-georgia; Cassandra Jaramillo and Kavitha Surana, “A Woman Died after Being Told It Would Be a ‘Crime’ to Intervene in Her Miscarriage at a Texas Hospital,” ProPublica, October 30, 2024, https://www.propublica.org/article/josseli-barnica-death-miscarriage-texas-abortion-ban; Lizzie Presser and Kavitha Surana, “A Pregnant Teenager Died after Trying to Get Care in Three Visits to Texas Emergency Rooms,” ProPublica, November 1, 2024, https://www.propublica.org/article/nevaeh-crain-death-texas-abortion-ban-emtala; Kavitha Surana and Lizzie Presser, “Texas Medical Board Sanctions Three Doctors for Delayed Care That Led to the Deaths of Two Pregnant Women,” ProPublica, April 17, 2026, https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/health-science/healthcare/2026/04/21/549666/tmb-disciplines-doctors-ngumezi-crain-cases/ .

1534. World Health Organization, “Menstrual Health,” Menstrual Health,” 18 June 2026, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menstrual-health; Anke Samulowitz et al, "Brave Men" and "Emotional Women": A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain. Pain Res Manag. 2018 Feb 25;2018:6358624. doi: 10.1155/2018/6358624. PMID: 29682130; PMCID: PMC5845507.

1535. See, for example, Lea Merone et al., “Sex Inequalities in Medical Research: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Literature,” Women’s Health Reports 3, no. 1 (2022): whr-2021.

1536. Reporting and analysis on DeVos-era Title IX rollbacks and 2020 rules shaping campus sexual assault procedures: Vox, May 6, 2020, and contemporaneous coverage of the rescission of Obama guidance, September 2017.

1537. Care at Work: Investing in Care Leave and Services

For A More Gender Equal World of Work, 2022, International Labour Organization https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_838653.pdf

1538. Jessica Blake, “What to Know About Trump’s Definition of Professional Degrees,” Inside Higher Ed, November 26, 2025, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/government/student-aid-policy/2025/11/26/what-know-about-definition-professional-degree.

1539. Executive Order 13950, “Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping,” Federal Register (2020). September 22, 2020, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/09/28/2020-21534/combating-race-and-sex-stereotyping.

1540. Karen Sloan, “Under Trump pressure, ABA poised to suspend law school DEI rule into 2026,” Reuters,

May 6, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/under-trump-pressure-aba-poised-suspend-law-school-dei-rule-into-2026-2025-05-06/.

1541. Steve Almasy and Darran Simon, “A timeline of President Trump’s travel bans”, CNN, March 30, 2017, https://edition.CNN.com/2017/02/10/us/trump-travel-ban-timeline; Caitlin Dickerson

“The secret history of the U.S. government’s family-separation policy,” Atlantic, August 7, 2022, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/09/trump-administration-family-separation-policy-immigration/670604/.

1542. American Immigration Council, “Understanding ICE Raids at American Workplaces,” October 9, 2025, https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/fact-sheet/understanding-ice-worksite-raids/; Maria Sacchetti, “Immigration arrests soar under Trump; sharpest spike seen for noncriminals,” Washington Post, May 17, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/immigration-arrests-up-during-trump/2017/05/17/74399a04-3b12-11e7-9e48-c4f199710b69_story.html.

1543. Human Rights Watch, “US: ICE Abuses in Los Angeles Set Stage for Other Cities,” November 4, 2025, https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/11/04/us-ice-abuses-in-los-angeles-set-stage-for-other-cities.

1544. Physicians for Human Rights, “Solitary Confinement in U.S. Immigration Detention,” 2024, https://phr.org/our-work/resources/cruelty-campaign-solitary-confinement-in-u-s-immigration-detention/.

1545. Cameron Peters, “The People Dying in ICE Custody,” Vox, March 19, 2026, https://www.vox.com/the-logoff-newsletter-trump/483280/immigration-customs-enforcement-deaths-2026.

1546. “Contracted ICE Employee Pleads Guilty to Sexual Abuse of Female Detainee,” Shreveport Times, January 20, 2026, https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2026/01/20/ice-agent-pleads-guilty-to-sexual-assault-of-detainee-what-to-know/88257531007/; Andrea Castillo, “Immigrant Detainees Say They Were Harassed, Sexually Assaulted by Guard Who Got Promoted,” Los Angeles Times, November 12, 2025, https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2025-11-12/calif-immigrant-detainees-say-they-were-harassed-sexually-assaulted-by-guard-who-got-promoted; Sharon Yoo, “Detainees Sue GEO Group, Allege Sexual Assaults, Beatings and Cover-Ups at Tacoma ICE Facility,” King5, February 5, 2026, https://www.king5.com/article/news/politics/immigration-news/geo-group-lawsuit-northwest-ice-processing-center/281-a41284cb-4ca4-4cc2-8bda-69e94c952358; Kristi Gross, “Human Rights Groups Reveal Abusive and Sexual Contact, Other Inhumane Conditions at Detention Center at Fort Bliss in El Paso,” ACLU of Texas, December 8, 2025, https://www.aclutx.org/press-releases/aclu-texas-human-rights-groups-reveal-abusive-and-sexual-contact-other-inhumane/.

1547. Richard Gonzales, “White House Revokes Press Pass of CNN’s Jim Acosta,” NPR, November 7, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/11/07/665497382/white-house-revokes-press-pass-of-CNNs-jim-acosta.

1548. Shelley Walden, “The Trump Administration’s War on Sources,” PEN America, July 27, 2018, https://pen.org/trump-administrations-war-sources/

1549. International Center for Not-for-Profit Law, “US Protest Law Tracker,” 2023–2024.

1550. Olivia B. Waxman, “Historian: Today’s Authoritarian Leaders Aren’t Fascists—But They Are Part of the Same Story,” Time, Nov 10, 2020, https://time.com/5908244/strongman-fascism-history/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=editorial&utm_term=history_extremism&linkId=104389992.

1551. Manne, Down Girl.

1552. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State.

1553. Reena Flores, “Female Journalists Report Harassment from ‘Bernie Bros’ Supporting Sanders,” CBS News, June 8, 2016, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/female-journalists-report-harassment-from-bernie-sanders-supporters/; Callum Borchers, “The Bernie Bros Are Out in Full Force Harassing Female Reporters,” Washington Post, June 7, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/07/the-bernie-bros-are-out-in-full-force-harassing-female-reporters/.

1554. Meri T. Long et al., “Gender Attitudes and Candidate Preferences in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Primary and General Elections,” Politics & Gender 18, no. 3 (September 2022): 830–57, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X21000155.

1555. Brian F. Schaffner, “Analyzing How Bernie Sanders Supporters Voted in the 2016 General Election,” https://sites.google.com/view/brianfschaffner/reports/how-sanders-supporters-behaved-in-the-2016-general-election.

1556. For a brilliant analysis of why the misogyny of progressive men is particularly crushing, see Filipovic, “The Problem With ‘Feminist’ Men.” https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/opinion/schneiderman-abuse-feminist-men.html.

1557. Camden Carter and Spencer Silva, “Right-wing influencers and media figures defend Andrew Tate after he is charged with human trafficking and rape,” Media Matters, January 4, 2023, https://www.mediamatters.org/rumble/right-wing-influencers-and-media-figures-defend-andrew-tate-after-he-charged-human.

1558. Stark, Coercive Control.

1559. Faludi, Backlash; Kimmel, Angry White Men.

1560. “Republican Debate: Analysis and Highlights”, New York Times, August 6, 2015, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/live/republican-debate-election-2016-cleveland/trump-on-political-correctness/.

1561. Jillian Wilson, “Therapists Warn This Normalized Trump Behavior Is Causing Real-World Harm,” Huffington Post, October 18, 2025, https://www.Huffington Postst.com/entry/trump-bullying-normalized-bad-goog_l_68f108ade4b0ab08d3191eae.

1562. Arabi, Power; Engel, The Emotionally Abusive Relationship.

1563. Evans, The Verbally Abusive Relationship.

1564. Herman, Trauma and Recovery.

1565. Shannon Thomas, Healing from Hidden Abuse (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2016); Herman, Trauma and Recovery.

1566. Joost A. M. Meerloo, The Rape of the Mind: The Psychology of Thought Control, Menticide, and Brainwashing (New York: World Publishing, 1956).

1567. Arlette Saenz and David Wright. “Obama Says Trump’s Tylenol Announcement Was ‘Violence against the Truth’” CNN, September 25, 2025, https://edition.CNN.com/2025/09/25/politics/obama-trump-tylenol-autism.

1568. Tannen, Talking from 9 to 5; see also studies on gendered expectations of tone and communication in professional settings, such as Victoria L. Brescoll, “Who Takes the Floor and Why: Gender, Power, and Volubility in Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly 56, no. 4 (2011): 622–41, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0001839212439994.

1569. Dangerous Speech: A Practical Guide; “What Is Dangerous Speech?”

1570. Douglas Walton, Ad Hominem Arguments (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998); see also T. Edward Damer, Attacking Faulty Reasoning, 7th ed. (Boston: Cengage, 2013), on derailment and irrelevant personal attacks in argument.

1571. Dangerous Speech: A Practical Guide; Cathy Buerger, “Counterspeech: A Literature Review,” Dangerous Speech Project, June 1, 2024.

1572. American Psychological Association, “Recommendations for Countering Misinformation,” November 29, 2023, https://www.apa.org/topics/journalism-facts/misinformation-recommendations.

1573. American Psychological Association, “Psychologists Are Taking Aim at Misinformation with These Key Questions,” Monitor on Psychology, January 2023, https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/01/trends-taking-aim-misinformation.

1574. American Psychological Association, “Misinformation and Disinformation,” accessed March 28, 2026, https://www.apa.org/topics/journalism-facts/misinformation-disinformation.

1575. American Psychological Association, “How and Why Does Misinformation Spread?,” November 29, 2023, https://www.apa.org/topics/journalism-facts/how-why-misinformation-spreads.

1576. Sander van der Linden, “Countering Misinformation Through Psychological Inoculation,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 33, no. 2 (2024), https://www.sdmlab.psychol.cam.ac.uk/files/media/countering.pdf.

1577. American Psychological Association, Using Psychological Science to Understand and Fight Misinformation: A Consensus Statement (Washington, DC: APA, 2023), https://www.apa.org/pubs/reports/misinformation-recommendations.pdf.

1578. Ullrich K. H. Ecker et al., “Don’t Believe Them! Reducing Misinformation Influence Through Source Discreditation,” Royal Society Open Science 11, no. 8 (2024), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11345350/.

1579. European Parliament, “Spotting Disinformation: Six Tactics Used to Fool Us,” March 6, 2025.

1580. Marshall B. Rosenberg, Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life, 3rd ed. (Encinitas, CA: PuddleDancer Press, 2015); Center for Nonviolent Communication, “The Center for Nonviolent Communication,” accessed May 30, 2026, https://www.cnvc.org/; Braver Angels, “Our Mission,” accessed May 30, 2026, https://braverangels.org/who-we-are/; Resetting the Table, “Resetting the Table,” accessed May 30, 2026, https://www.resettingthetable.org/; Living Room Conversations, “What Is a Living Room Conversation?,” accessed May 30, 2026, https://livingroomconversations.org/.

1581. “Engaging with Climate Denial ‘Just Doesn’t Work’ Given Our Understanding of Behavioural Psychology in 2023, Announces Green CEO Chris Caldwell of United Renewables,” GlobeNewswire, February 23, 2023, https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/02/23/2613986/0/en/Engaging-with-climate-denial-just-doesn-t-work-given-our-understanding-of-behavioural-psychology-in-2023-announces-green-CEO-Chris-Caldwell-of-United-Renewables.html.

1582. Pennycook et al., “Prior Exposure Increases Perceived Accuracy of Fake News.”

1583. Evans, The Verbally Abusive Relationship, 87–101.

1584. Arabi, Power, 145–52; Arabi, Becoming the Narcissist’s Nightmare, 219–31.

1585. Shahida Arabi, “Five Powerful Ways Abusive Narcissists Get Inside Your Head,” Self-Care Haven, July 21, 2014, https://self-care-haven.com/2014/07/21/five-powerful-ways-abusive-narcissists-get-inside-your-head/; Stern, The Gaslight Effect.

1586. Kathleen Felton, “‘Gray Rocking’ Is a Way to Deal with Difficult People. Here’s How It Works,” Washington Post, August 31, 2025; Engel, The Emotionally Abusive Relationship, 233–45.

1587. Engel, The Emotionally Abusive Relationship, 241–45.

1588. Jay Kuo, “To Kash a Troll,” The Status Kuo (Substack), September 19, 2025, https://statuskuo.substack.com/p/to-kash-a-troll.

1589. Julie Menanno, Secure Love: Create a Relationship That Lasts a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2024), 84–89.

1590. Menanno, Secure Love, 112–18.

1591. Menanno, Secure Love, 167–69.

1592. Brené Brown, Atlas of the Heart: Mapping Meaningful Connection and the Language of Human Experience (New York: Random House, 2021), 182; Brené Brown, Dare to Lead (New York: Random House, 2018), 67.

1593. Harriet Lerner, The Dance of Anger (Mehta Publishing House, 2017).

1594. YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaECKYARbss.

1595. Tom LoBianco, “Mary Pat Christie Throws Some Shade during Trump’s Speech,” CNN, April 27, 2016, http://edition.CNN.com/2016/04/27/politics/mary-pat-christie-face-trump-women/.

1596. Rod A. Martin et al., “Humor, Coping with Stress, Self-Concept, and Psychological Well-Being,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 6, no. 1 (1993): 89–104.

1597. Nicholas A. Kuiper, “Humor and Resiliency: Towards a Process Model of Coping and Growth,” Europe’s Journal of Psychology 8, no. 3 (2012): e464, https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v8i3.464.

1598. Aleksandra Braniecka, Iwona Wołkowicz, Anna Orylska, Anna Zofia Antosik-Wójcińska, Agnieszka Chrzczonowicz-Stępień, and Ewelina Bolek, “Differential Effects of Stress-Related and Stress-Unrelated Humor in Remitted Depression,” Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022): 7946, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11515-y.

1599. Heidi L. Fritz, “Why Are Humor Styles Associated with Well-Being, and Does Social Competence Matter? Examining Relations to Psychological and Physical Well-Being, Reappraisal, and Social Support,” Personality and Individual Differences 154 (2020): 109641, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109641.

1600. Claire L. Fox, Simon C. Hunter, and Siân E. Jones, “Longitudinal Associations Between Humor Styles and Psychosocial Adjustment in Adolescence,” Europe’s Journal of Psychology 12, no. 3 (2016): 377–89, https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1065.

1601. Jefferson Fisher, “Ever Been Insulted at Work? Here’s Exactly How to Respond,” LinkedIn post, June 2025, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/jeffersonfisher_ever-been-insulted-at-work-heres-exactly-activity-7407430781460959232-3hFA.

1602. Meghan Bartels, “Why the News Feels Overwhelming—and How to Cope,” Scientific American, February 21, 2025.

1603. M. Houston and Cheris Kramarae, “Speaking from Silence: Methods of Silencing and of Resistance,” Discourse & Society 2, no. 4 (1991): 387–99, https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926591002004001.

1604. Morton Deutsch, Peter T. Coleman, and Eric C. Marcus, eds., The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, 3rd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2014), 22–27.

1605. Bartels, “Why the News Feels Overwhelming.”

1606. Bartels, “Election Grief Is Real.”

1607. Deutsch, Coleman, and Marcus, The Handbook of Conflict Resolution, 39–41.

1608. Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 133–55.

1609. Bessel van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma (New York: Viking, 2014), 81–110.

1610. Martin E. P. Seligman, Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1975), 23–30.

1611. Deutsch, Coleman, and Marcus, The Handbook of Conflict Resolution, 488–92.

1612. Sherry Hamby et al., “What Difference Do Bystanders Make? The Association of Bystander Involvement with Victim Outcomes in a Community Sample,” Psychology of Violence 6, no. 1 (2016): 91–102, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039073.

1613. Steve Karnowsky, “Minnesota immigration crackdown is ending, Homan says,” PBS NewsHour, February 12, 2026, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/homan-announces-end-to-minnesota-immigration-crackdown.

1614. Magdalena Pinedo and Carmen R. Valdez, “Immigration Enforcement Policies and the Mental Health of US Citizens: Findings from a Comparative Analysis,” American Journal of Community Psychology 66, no. 1–2 (2020): 119–129, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12464.

1615. Karen Hacker et al., “The Impact of Immigration and Customs Enforcement on Immigrant Health: Perceptions of Immigrants in Everett, Massachusetts, USA,” Social Science & Medicine 73, no. 4 (2011): 586–594, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.007.

1616. Luz M. Garcini et al., “Undocumented Immigrants and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Recent Methodology and Findings in the United States,” Journal of Migration and Health 4 (2021): 100058, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100058.

1617. Sara L. Buckingham, Regina Day Langhout, Dana Rusch, Tara Mehta, Rubén Chávez, Kim Ferreira van Leer et al., “The Roles of Settings in Supporting Immigrants’ Resistance to Injustice and Oppression: A Policy Statement by the Society for Community Research and Action: Division 27 of the American Psychological Association,” American Journal of Community Psychology 68, no. 3–4 (2021): 269–291, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11f9495m.

1618. Arabi, Power; Arabi, Becoming the Narcissist’s Nightmare.

1619. Bancroft, Why Does He Do That? 65–92.

1620. National Domestic Violence Hotline, “Understand Relationship Abuse,” https://www.thehotline.org/identify-abuse/understand-relationship-abuse/.

1621. Evans, The Verbally Abusive Relationship, 145–60.

1622. Ramani Durvasula, It’s Not You: Identifying and Healing from Narcissistic People (New York: Penguin Life, 2024), 221–35.

1623. Nacona Nix, “Charlie Kirk, Ezra Klein, and the Cost of Civility-Theater Liberalism,” New Republic, September 30, 2025, https://newrepublic.com/article/200961/charlie-kirk-ezra-klein-civility-theater-liberalism.

1624. Amanda Ripley, High Conflict: Why We Get Trapped and How We Get Out (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2021), on how certain forms of engagement can intensify rather than resolve conflict when the conditions are not right.

1625. Hillary Rodham Clinton, What Happened. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2017).

1626. Domenico Montanaro, “Hillary Clinton’s ‘Basket of Deplorables,’ in Full Context of This Ugly Campaign,”

NPR, September 10, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/09/10/493427601/hillary-clintons-basket-of-deplorables-in-full-context-of-this-ugly-campaign.

1627. Stephen Benard et al., “Does Aggression Deter or Invite Reciprocal Behavior? Considering Coercive Capacity,” Social Psychology Quarterly 80, no. 4 (2017): 310–329, https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272517728904.

1628. Ingall and McCarthy, Sorry, Sorry, Sorry.

1629. Yariv Tsfati, H. G. Boomgaarden, Jesper Strömbäck, Rens Vliegenthart et al., “Causes and Consequences of Mainstream Media Dissemination of Fake News: Literature Review and Synthesis,” Annals of the International Communication Association 44, no. 2 (2020): 157–73, https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2020.1759443; Giulia Terzian, “The Epistemic Dangers of Journalistic Balance,” Episteme 22, no. 4 (2025): 931–51, https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2024.45.

1630. UNESCO, “International Media and Information Literacy e-Platform,” accessed March 14, 2026, https://www.unesco.org/mil4teachers/en.

1631.Jessica Joelle Alexander and Iben Sandahl. The Danish Way Of Parenting: What The Happiest People In The World Know About Raising Confident, Capable Kids. (Penguin, 2016.)

1632. Rambøll, Impact Evaluation: Free of Bullying (Copenhagen: Mary Foundation and Save the Children Denmark, 2017), https://www.freeofbullying.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Free-of-Bullying-Rapport-020724-03-final-print-ny-02-enkeltside.pdf; . See also Mary Foundation and Save the Children Denmark, Free of Bullying: A Review of the Literature (2024), https://www.freeofbullying.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Free-of-Bullying-Rapport-020724-03-final-print-ny-02-enkeltside.pdf

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